Annexes:
1. List
of all names of Union Councils, Tehsils,
Town and Municipal Committees
2. Population
Figures Census 1981
3. Meteorological
Data
4. Functions
of District Councils
5. List
of names of the MPAs and MNAs from Bolan constituency since 1988
6. Overview
of Post Offices
7. Electricity
Supply and Gas Supply/Connections
8. Health
Facilities
9. Education
Facilities
10. Some Observations
on the Data
11. List of Acronyms
12. Bibliography
Outline District Profile
District at a Glance
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Date of Notification | 31st Dec: 1991 | ||
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8,036 | ||||
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1981
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1995 (projection) | |||
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30 /sq.km | 45/ sq.km | |||
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Sindhi, Balochi, Brauhi, Siraiki | ||||
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Pashtoo, Punjabi | ||||
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Hot summer and mild winter | ||||
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Area in Hectares
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Tons /Hectare
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| Wheat |
9,650
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2.3
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| Rice |
500
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2.2
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| Fruits |
211
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8.8
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| Jowar |
7,800
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1.0
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| Fodder |
7,075
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25.9
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| Barley |
850
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1.0
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| Rape seed |
9,100
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0.6
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| Onion |
150
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16.0
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| Vegetables |
965
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15.8
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| Melons |
1,155
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17.8
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Number
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| Separate data for Bolan not | Cattle |
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| available | Sheep/Goats |
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| Draught Animals |
--
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| Camels |
--
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| Livestock Unit
(L.U.)
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--
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Agriculture and some mining | |||
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Coal, chromate | |||
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Ruins of Mehr Gahr, Noshero | |||
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for boys
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for girls
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| Mosque |
4
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0
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| Primary |
335
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39
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| Middle |
14
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6
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| High |
15
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3
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| College |
1
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0
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| Vocational |
0
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0
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| Hospital |
3
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| Dispensary |
18
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| RHC |
2
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| BHU |
9
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| MCH Centre |
3
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| Private Clinic |
30
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(text) | |||
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Wood in rural areas and gas and electricity in town. | |||
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(text) | |||
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Metalled |
260 km
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| Shingle |
356 km
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| Railway |
140 km
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| Airport |
-
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District Map
Balochistan Map
Bolan
The district is named after the historic
pass "Bolan". The pass, 85 kilometres long, extends from Kolpur, the highest
place in Bolan district with an altitude of 2,200 metres above sea level,
to "Rindli". For centuries the Bolan pass has been the route along which
traders, invaders and nomad hordes traversed between India and Central
Asia.
The area, today included in Bolan district, used to be part of the old Thal Chotiali district until 1888. Later, until 30 June 1965, it was placed under Kalat district. In 1965, Bolan, Dhadar, Lehri, Balanari, Sanni, Bhag, Gandawa, Mirpur, Jhal, Tamboo and Chatter Tehsils were transferred from Kalat district to constitute Kachhi district. After the 1972 census Tamboo and Chatter Tehsils were detached from Kachhi district and transferred to the new district of Nasirabad. It became part of Nasirabad division, which was created in 1986. Before bifurcation into two districts, the total area of the Kachhi district was 11,114 sq.kms. The area included in Bolan district is 8,036 sq. km.
Kachhi district derives its name from "Khach", i.e. plains. Kachhi was bifurcated into Jhall Magsi and Bolan district on December 31, 1991. The Bolan district started functioning under a district magistrate from 17 May 1992.
District Headquarters Dhadar*.
*There are two versions about the origin
of the word "Dhadar". The first one is that it originated from the "Da
ha Ne dar" (i.e. through the pass), as one reached Dhadar through the Bolan
pass. The second version is that there were ten gates in the rampart wall
around the city in the past, after which the city was named "Da Der" (i.e.
ten doors). Both versions are believed to be authentic.
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1. District Resources
1.1 Introduction
(Inclusive land area and land use)
Land use statistics are not available
yet for Bolan district alone. The Agricultural Statistics for 1994-95 indicate
land utilisation statistics of Bolan and Jhall Magsi districts combined.
Five percent of the combined area has not been reported yet. Two percent
is under forest, 28 percent of the area is culturable waste of which one
fifth is under water logging. The total area of Bolan district covers 803,600
ha. of which according to the Agricultural Statistics 1994/95 only 38,996
ha is net sown and 36,534 ha is current fallow.
The table below gives the figures for
Bolan and Jhal Magsi combined.
| Land use Bolan / Jhall Magsi |
Area (Ha)
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% of total district
area
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| Total Geographical Area |
1,111,404
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100
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| Area not reported |
53,446
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5
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| Area reported |
1,057,958
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95
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| - Not available for cultivation |
455,991
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41
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| - Area under forest |
20,988
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2
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| - Area under permanent pasture |
-
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| - Culturable waste |
314,961
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28
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| - Area under water logging / salinity |
-
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| - Arable land |
266,613
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24
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| Potential area available for cultivation |
581,574
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52
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1.2 Topography
Bolan district lies between 29 24' 10"
N and 67 4' 44" E. Area wise Bolan district is the largest of all four
districts in Nasirabad Division. The total area of Bolan is 8,036 sq.km.
Bolan district comprises both plain and
hilly areas. The hilly areas are in the north and the west of the district.
In the north the hills range from Kolpur to Kondalani, a Bolan Levy check
post, from where 3.5 km onward the road travels into the plain area. The
hilly areas in the west are confined to a part of Sanni tehsil. The hilly
areas are solid rocks with a long chain of mountains near Kolpur, with
peaks varying from 1,000 to 3,000 metres. The plain area in the south and
east of Bolan district is formed of alluvial soil. Part of the plain is
a non-sandy desert area.
1.3 Climate
Bolan district incorporates all kinds
of weather types. The hilly areas are mild in summer and severe cold with
snow in winter. Because of its low altitude, the plain area is extremely
hot and humid in summer. In winter the climate on the plain area is pleasant.
Day and night temperatures vary substantially. Dust storms are common in
the plain area in the months of June, July and August.
According to the Agricultural Department, dividing the province into five ecological zones based on altitude, the Bolan district falls in the first category with an altitude from 625 mt. to 1250 mt. above sea level.
Except Mach sub-division, where the average rainfall is higher, the rest of the area gets scanty rainfall. Storms may develop during winter when it snows on mountains. The total annual rainfall of Bolan district ranges from 175 - 325 mm in the period 1992 - 1995, with an annual mean of 210 mm during that period.
Average Monthly Rain Fall (in mm) over the period 1992 - 1995
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Mean Max and Min Temperature ( in °C)
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The Bolan plain area is traditionally known as the hottest area in Balochistan. A saying from Ross Bell's diary says, "Oh God, when Thou created Sibi and Dhadar, then why Thou created Hell!" In hot summer months a large part of the population migrates to the hilly areas. According to the weather station in Balochistan the maximum temperature can go up to 54 °C, while in some areas the temperature can drop as far as minus 17°C in winter, recorded from 1992 to 1995. There is a great temperature variation in the district, as some areas (Kolpur) are at high altitude, where minimum temperature can drop to minus 17 °C.
1.4 Soils
According to the Directorate of Hydrology,
65 to 70 percent of the soil exists of alluvial (deposited by rivers, running
and flood water) and "Kacca" (flood plain and unmetalled), 30 to 35 percent
is stony and 5 percent exists of loess (wind blown).
1.5 Minerals
The major mineral source of the district
is coal. Chromate exists in potency but is not explored. The lime stone
potential in Mach area is explored with a number of crush-stone machines
. The district has a number of other minerals, but these are unexplored
too. According to the Directorate of Mineral Development sources, the district
has a big potential of sulphur and gypsum.
1.6 Vegetation
Bolan has no forests. There is a small
area with block plantation and large parts of the districts are in use
as permanent pasture-lands. Trees grow all over the district and the following
species are common: eucalyptus, acacia, dalbergia, zizyphis, albizzia,
azadricha, presepis juliflora, panicum, antidetals, and alhagae camalorum.
1.7 Energy
The two major sources of energy in
the district are gas and electricity.. They are mainly used for residential
purposes such as heating, cooking, and pumping water. The towns along the
highway (Dhadar, Mach, Kolpur), and some towns within the "30 km. policy"
are connected to the gas line. A number of towns became connected to the
gas line under the 7th Five Year Plan.
The use of electricity for agricultural purpose is growing, but in places where there is no electricity available, people use diesel engines for pumping water and other mechanical purposes such as the drilling and crushing of stones and the operation of small home-industrial units (e.g. flour machines). In these areas, kerosene, diesel, coal and wood are used for cooking and heating. For reasons of poverty, the majority of the people in the rural areas prefer the consumption of wood. According to the Forest Department this endangers the district’s vegetation, as every year thousands of trees and bushes are razed to the ground for fuel purposes.. The use of coal is not common in the plain area of Bolan, as it is less available and more expensive than wood.
1.8 Environment
Soil erosion is rare. However, cutting
of trees and bushes is common. The environmental threats caused by such
deforestation have a negative impact on the process of natural and artificial
forestry. The forestry sector already is nearly negligible. In summer,
the whole district is swept with dust pollution. Water conservation through
action delay dams does exist, but does not suffice.
Water pollution by chemicals is rare. Water pollution in water tanks and stores is caused by animals (micro organisms). In rural areas, the water for drinking purposes is polluted because of ill-hygienic use of the water resources. The same water sources are also used for laundering and dish-washing purposes and animals are allowed to drink from them as well.
Environmental pollution is hardly existing, as the district lacks industrial set-up, traffic, and factories. The atmosphere is free from smoke and puff pollution. There is not any urban congestion, toxic traffic emissions are therefore very limited.
1.9 Conclusion and major Development
Issues
Bolan district is underdeveloped.
The climate is not conducive towards agricultural development. Its mineral
and agricultural resources have not been adequately developed yet. The
majority of the people live in poverty. They are dependent on the agricultural
sector which appears to be an inadequate source of livelihood.
2. Demography and Housing
2.1 Population
The figures in the table below refer to Bolan district only.
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| Population Density |
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| M/F ratio Rural |
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2.1.1 Population Growth Pattern
The population of Balochistan increased
at an average annual growth rate of 7.1 percent during the 1972-81 period
(8 years and 5.5 months), whereas this rate was 5.1 percent during the
period 1961-72. According to the District census report published by the
Department of Population Census in 1981, the annual population growth rate
of the areas now part of Bolan district ranged from 5.1 to 10 percent between
the censuses of 1972 and 1981. According to the statistics of the Social
Action Programme the population of Bolan district (as it constitutes today)
has increased at an annual growth rate of approximately 6.2 percent since
the 1981 elections. According to the NIPS projections the annual population
growth of Bolan district is 3.0 percent. It is not clear, however, whether
the huge migration from Bolan district during the last few years, due to
lack of drinking water, is fully considered.
The population of urban areas has increased. The growth rate figures of Mach are the highest, because of migration into the area during the last two decades.
2.1.2 Population Composition
According to the 1981 census, the
total population of the district was 237,133 that year, of which 121,348
females and 115,785 males. The male-female ratio indicates that Bolan is
one of the few districts where women outnumber men, at least statistically.
2.1.3 Household Size
The average household exists of 7
persons. In rural towns and villages there are houses with 11 to 17 family
members. Poverty, close-family marriages and tribal homogeneity encourage
the establishment of joint families more than nucleus ones. Literate families
and families from marriages outside the family or tribe are less inclined
to a joint family system.
2.1.4 Dependent Population
In 1981, 109,055 children were under
the age of 15, the age group from 15 to 60 totalled 118,499, and 9,579
people were over 60 years of age. This means that the so-called dependent
population (those under 15 or over 60 years of age) accounted for 50 percent
of the total population. However, within the given socio-cultural context
all women of all ages may be considered dependent as well.
2.1.5 Rural / Urban Dimensions
The large majority of Bolan people
live in rural areas. According to the 1981 census, the urban population
of 22,860 people accounts for only 9.6 percent of the total district population.
Poor infrastructure in the rural areas and the subsequent isolated position
of the rural population accounts for the relatively high number of joint
families and a low literacy rate among the rural segments of the population.
2.1.6 Spatial Population Distribution
The majority of the population is
living in the centre part of the district with the north-western, the eastern
and the south-western parts of the districts more sparsely populated. The
population of the district, particularly in the rural areas, is loosely
concentrated. Villages comprise only few houses lying far apart. This loose
concentration of houses is a serious bottleneck for infrastructural development.
The urban areas are not very densely populated either. High-rise building is very rare.
In 1981, the population density was 29.5 individuals per sq.km. The projected spatial concentration for 1995 is 44.6 individuals per sq.km. However, because of the ongoing migration from the district, the actual population growth will probably be smaller.
2.1.7 Ethnic Composition
Bolan is an ethnically heterogeneous
district. The two major socio-linguistic groups are the Baloch and the
Brauhi. The Balochi speaking group is made up of various tribes, the most
important ones being the Rind, the Raisani, the Shawani, the Domki, the
Syed and the Kurd. Each tribe is divided into a number of sub-tribes. They
inhabit different villages and live in pockets. The Rind are predominantly
Balochi speaking, although a large number of them can speak Sindhi. The
Raisani are a predominantly Brauhi speaking tribe; though some of them
can speak Balochi. Ethnically they have Pathan roots, but they claim to
be Brauhi Baloch. The Domki and the Syeds speak Sindhi.
The Rind is the dominant Baloch ethnic group. Politically and ethnically, Rind tribe is quite influential in the area, which can be gauged from the fact that the National Assembly seat is always won by a Rind Sardar. The Rind are followed by the Jamoot. Socio-culturally they are akin to the Sindhi and they have Sindhi roots, but they claim to be Baloch. The Jamoot, who are also divided into a number of sub-tribes, are predominately Sindhi speaking. Beside these tribes, there is a small population of settlers and Pashtu speaking people. The Hindu population of the area are Sindhi and Balochi speaking.
Sindhi is the most widely spoken language in the area, followed by Balochi and Brauhi. Urdu is spoken as a medium of education or communication between people with different ethnic backgrounds. It is spoken and understood more often in urban areas than in rural areas. In rural areas, people predominantly speak regional languages.
Like in other districts of Balochistan, the pursuit of domicile in Bolan is on the basis of Locals and Domiciles. A Local is the one who belongs to one of the native/indigenous tribes of the area. A Domicile is one who is entitled to residency on the basis of his prolonged stay, property and family relationship. Rind, Jamoot, Jatooi, Raisani, Kurd, Syeds etc. are all Locals. There are a number of those who have settled in the district who include Siraki, Pashto and Punjabi speaking. There are a number of settlers from Sindh. A number of the Sindhi district population from the interior of Sindh has claimed to be Local. The Sindhi speaking Balochs are culturally akin to Sindhi people.
2.1.8 Nature and Extent of Migration
In summer, the population number is
lower than in winter. People from the plains migrate to the hill areas
in summer because of excessive heat. They move to the surroundings of Quetta,
Kolpur and the moderate areas of Mach. They usually stay there for four
months from June until October. In winter they migrate back. In winter,
a large number of the Powandahs, a nomad people, migrates to the plains
in search for water and pasture for their cattle. The majority of these
Powandahs are not residents in the district.
Due to lack of water, a large number of residents have migrated from Bolan to cities in Sindh, searching for better opportunities of livelihood. This can be indicated by the fact that villages with many houses and big graveyards often have only a small number of people living in them. Though it cannot be proven by any research or statistical data, it is believed that the major factor accountable for this is the economic situation. Some sources say that 15 to 20 percent of the residents of Bolan district have moved away from the district for livelihood purpose. They usually come back to visit once a year.
2.2 Labour Force
The regular labour force in the district
can be broadly divided into the following categories: coal mine workers,
crush-stone machine workers, tenants, and daily wage workers. Due to the
lack of industrial development there is no industrial labour in the district.
The coal-mine industry in Mach area employs approximately 1,200 people (in 40 mines), excluding those holding jobs as experts, engineers, supervisors or managers. They are hired privately, but registered with the Directorate of Mineral Development.
The stone crushing machines are all privately owned except one which is owned by the army’s National Logistics Cell (NLC). The number of labourers varies from plant to plant, however, approximately each plant has 10 to 20 men employed. They are paid on monthly basis.
The tenant force in the district exists of approximately 2,000 men, excluding the women and children helping their husbands and fathers. The men are hired to cultivate the land of a landowner on fixed terms, in return of which he gets, amongst other things, a place of shelter for his family on the landowner’s territory.
Daily wagers are usually hired on a daily basis, but sometimes receive weekly or monthly wages. They are hired by landowners and contractors for labour support in road construction, construction works, harvesting and work in shops.
As a result of the wretched poverty and illiteracy, there is a large number of old age labourers in the district. They are engaged in petty labour or tend herds for a share of wheat at the end of the harvesting season.
2.3 Housing
The majority of the houses in the
district are mud-made. The towns Dhadar, Mach and Bhag have 20 to 25 %
cemented and baked brick-houses. In the rural areas 85 to 90 percent of
the houses are "kacha" without any concrete designing and technology involved.
The walls can be partly built with baked bricks, but the surrounding walls,
roof topping and interior are topped with mud or clay. An average house
has two to three rooms surrounded by a gallery. Some houses have a barn
attached. Flush cisterns, commodes and washing basins hardly exist in rural
houses. The toilet is located in the outer corner of the house. Houses
lack an appropriate system for drainage, disposal of human waste and sewerage.
2.3.1 Tenure
Eighty five to ninety percent of the
houses in the district are privately owned. The ratio of rented and government-run
houses and quarters is slightly higher in urban areas, but it does not
exceed 7 to 10 percent of the overall number of houses. House ownership
is inherited from father to son or daughter. Space and houses are easily
obtainable in the rural area.
2.3.2 Construction Material
In rural areas, the majority of houses
are traditionally designed with dried clay bricks. They may include red
(baked) bricks, but topping and roofing is of clay. Doors, windows, and
ventilators are made of wood. The use of cement, iron and tiles is rare
in rural house construction. The houses in urban areas in majority are
made of baked bricks. The use of steel and iron grill is common in newly
constructed houses in the towns. The use of mortar is maximum in floor
boards. The joints are made of wood.
2.3.3 Sources of Energy
In the area where electricity and
gas reaches, they are the sources of energy for cooking and heating. The
houses in the area without electricity and gas rely on kerosene, oil and
wood for cooking and heating. Some may use a diesel run generator (usually
one to two horse power). The use of kerosene and gas lamps is common in
rural areas without electricity. The use of dung-cake for fuel purposes
is common in rural areas and even in towns too.
2.3.4 Housing Characteristics
The houses are knit together in rural
areas. However, urban areas such as Mach, Dhadar and Bhag resemble rural
areas. A house usually consists of a kitchen, a bath-room and a toilet.
The kitchen is usually an open room with only a roof shelter. Because of
the extreme summer weather, most part of the year cooking is done outside
the kitchen. The newly constructed houses in towns have a separate bath-room
and kitchen.
Seventy-five percent of the houses in the district is without drainage, human waste disposal facilities and sewerage system. They do not have in-house water supply. Water is fetched from a nearby water tank, stream or stored water in an open pond.
A number of old buildings in Bolan district are beautiful models of old days architecture. They include premises of the Khan of Kalat at Dhadar. In Lehri a number of old style buildings exit. In Mach there are a large number of solidly constructed railways houses, built during the British period.
2.3.5 Drinking Water and Sanitation
The rural areas lack sanitation. Drinking
water and sanitation are two major problems in the district. Water is scarce
and the sanitation system in rural and even urban areas is below basic
level. Human waste disposal facilities and latrines are not common.
2.4 Conclusion and Major Development Issues
Reliable demographic and other statistics are not available for Bolan, as notification took place only recently and no recent calculations have been made to get a clear statistical overview. This affects the equal distribution of services over the district.
Access to drinking water is a major problem for the population both in rural areas and in towns. The systems for drainage, human waste disposal, and sewerage are not well developed. Illiteracy has been mentioned as a major cause for people not realising the consequences of poor hygienic circumstances.
3. Social Organisation
3.1 Introduction
The society in Bolan district is predominantly
patriarchal organised. The society is male dominated, leaving little room
for women in decision making on household, family and tribe level.
Tribal affiliation is imposed. Tribalism is strong and tribal feuds have increased in number over the past years. Tribalism has led to vendettas, as the result of which common innocent people are killed. Vendettas have resulted in the killing of tribal elite, such as Nawab Ghoush Baksh Raisani, Taj Mohammed Rind, Nawab Ismail Raisani, sons of Mir Chakar Khan Domki etc.
3.2 The Family
The ordinary rural family consists of
husband, wife and four to eight children. The joint family system is still
common in rural areas, but dying out in urban areas. In large, people prefer
to be identified with a tribe or clan rather than with the family they
belong to. The number of nuclear families in rural areas is small.
3.3 Marriage
The majority of the marriages in the district
is arranged, particularly in rural areas. In urban areas, such as Bhag,
Dhadar, and Mach, educated girls may express their willingness or unwillingness
for a match, but they nonetheless remain under the patriarchal set-up,
where their fates are determined by their fathers, brothers, or near kin.
It is widely observed that, unlike uneducated girls, girls with an education,
whether they are from rural or urban areas, have at least some influence
on their marriage affairs. The girl’s age for marriage is between 15 and
20 years. Early age and adolescence marriages are more common in cases
of uneducated girls. In areas with lower female literacy rates, there are
more marriages at adolescence age and more cases of girls given in marriage
to 80-89 year old men.
Vulvar (bride-price) is practised in Bolan, but less frequent than in the Pashtu speaking belt. The payment of vulvar is imputed to the male side by the female members at the time a proposal of marriage is made. There are no fixed rules for the amount of vulvar to be paid. It varies from case to case and situation to situation, but it usually is not very high. Vulvar can be paid by the bridegroom, his parents, guardians or relatives. The demand for vulvar is usually raised, when a proposal is made to the bride's side.
Similarly, there is the more commonly practised system of Ata Wata (exchange marriages). In case of Ata-Wata, a girl marries a man in exchange for a bride for her brother. This system is more common in rural areas, where people are poor and cannot afford to pay a bride price. Under the Ata Wata system, the choice for matrimony is more imposed on the female side. It includes a large number of cases each year where the bridegroom is younger than the bride.
Under the vulvar and Ata Wata system girls, who have been proposed to, are left with no choice but to bow their heads for the marriage. After their daughters’ marriages, parents become almost indifferent to their welfare. Married women are at the mercy of their husband and his family. It is observed that under the system of exchange of marriages, the husband may retaliate upon his wife, in case his sister is not happy with his wife's brother. A second marriage on one side may result in marriage break-up, ill-treatment of wife, or tit for tat in retaliation. One form of retaliation upon the wife may result in Siahkari, where she is murdered for having entered into a sexual relationship with another man. Women who are forced to flee from their homes because of ill-treatment and excessive beating may be targeted for Siahkar. Siahkar is quite often reported in Bolan district.
3.4 Social Organisation
Decision making is in the hands of males.
The decisions they make are binding for women. There are no social organisations
worth the name to cater for the social needs and problems of the common
men.
3.5 Customs of Co-operation
The societal development level in the
district is unbalanced. The traditional institutions and norms which existed
in the past have collapsed, but have not been replaced by new ones. The
sense of group homogeneity and self-reliance among a tribe or inter-tribe
has ceased, partly because of the pouring stream of government funds and
the establishment of government machinery. Instead of joint collective
struggle or co-operation, people look for funds and co-operation from the
government. For example, in olden days everybody would tie up their hands
by mobilising their efforts (by bringing ox-driven plough, family members,
etc.) for the construction of small safety spurs around the village during
the flood season, for the construction of a water storage, or to level
agricultural fields. These kinds of neighbourly assistance do not exist
any longer. Due to the growing reliance on government aid, assured by the
MPAs and Councillors, the low per capita income and the tribal polarisation,
the general masses have become indifferent to their fellow tribesmen and
others.
In 1995, Bolan had 42 Co-operative Societies, with a total membership of 1789 persons. The share capital involved was Rs. 841,000.
3.6 Religious Beliefs
The majority of the people living in Bolan
district belong to the Sunni sect of Islam. A smaller part, most of which
lives in Mach, belongs to the Shia sect of Islam. Hindus are living in
Bolan district as well, mostly in Bhag sub-division.
The two major festivals observed are Eid-Fitr and Eid-Azha. They are occasions of great jubilation and joy. The other festivals are Eid-Miladuld Nabi, Sab-e-Barat and Muharam. The Hindus observe Diwali and Holi.
The population of Bolan district, as observed and interviewed, is less religiously conservative compared to the Pashtu speaking belt. The observation of fast during Ramadan is not regular. Two factors are accountable: a lack of religious rigidity and the very hot summers. The main indicators are less attendance in mosques, routine prayers, and less religious knowledge. There is a respect for Pirs (religious bigwigs) and Syeds amongst the Sindhi speaking population. Syeds, decedents of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon Him) are treated with a respect.
The incidence of religious conflicts is small. There are fewer cases of sectarian violence than family or tribal violence. Still, following the Ayodhya incident in India in 1991 after the Babri mosque was desecrated, Hindus were killed and temples in Bhaq were damaged. The anti-Hindu riots pose a serious threat to the peaceful co-existence of Hindus and Moslims in Bolan, since 1947.
There is a large number of shrines (ziarat) that people pay homage to, particularly on Thursday nights. The most important shrines are Daloo Baba ,75 km from Dhadar, Bibi Nani (also a picnic spot), Pir Dupasi, Sikander Shah Baba at Dhadar, Pir Shabir Shah at Bhag, Pir Sufan Shah at Bhag, and Pir Izat Shah Mithri.
3.7 Conflict Resolution
There are two major channels of conflict
resolution in the district. One is the government channel and the other
one is private. The government channel works through judicial decisions
made by Judicial Magistrates, Civil Judges and a Session Judge in Sibi.
There is a Qazi Court in Dhadar.
Previously, the government operated through the Jirga system. The Jirga was an effective traditional system of justice, which was practised in Balochistan to settle legal cases and disputes. This system, in practice since British rule, was modified under the Special Provision Ordinance (Criminal Provisions 11) of 1968 and altogether abolished in 1991. However, government at times still leaves conflict settling with a Jirga (comprising of notables etc.), giving the decision its legal status by confirming the Jirga’s verdict afterwards.
The private channel has in may cases proven to be more effective in conflict resolution than the government channel. There is a Mehr system where one of the parties in conflict can go the other party. Another private channel for conflict resolution is known as the Biradiri system (Brotherhood), in which few close family members, fellow tribesmen or notables from or outside the family or tribe can mediate and settle the disputes.
It is widely observed that in conflict resolution, conditions can be imposed on either party. This can be payment of money, giving up land or marrying off girls and women to the inflicted side. The private channel for the settlement of disputes is believed to be better capable of bringing peace and justice among the parties involved, than the public one.
3.8 Arms
Because of the growing tribal unrest,
nowadays more people keep arms than two decades ago. According to the DC
office and Levies' report, both traditional and advanced weapons are used
in day to day and tribal encounters, including traditional rifles, 12-bore
shot-guns and advanced weapons such as Kalashnikovs (a popular automatic
weapon), G.3, rocket launchers, shakeel (a kind of weapon) and mortar guns.
Advanced weapons are carried without license by outlaws and bodyguards
of tribal chiefs. A few Kalashnikovs are licensed to influential persons
by higher authorities. In addition, the semi-automatic weapon Kalakov (Chinese
and Russian made) is used by bodyguards and outlaws, who, with some modification,
make them almost automatic. The licenses for Kalakovs are issued by the
District Magistrate. Bolan was unfamiliar with the advanced weapons until
the aftermath of the Saur revolution of Afghanistan in 1978. The Kalashnikovs
and Kalakov are popular because of their intensity, availability of bullets,
and the fact that they are so small that they can be hidden under one’s
arm.
3.9 Role, position and status of Women
The entire society of Bolan district is
male dominated. Since it is the man who fights against enemies and decides
the political fate of the family and tribe, he has a predominant role in
both community and family decision making. Due to illiteracy and unawareness,
women enjoy few civil amenities or fundamental rights. As a result, the
human rights of women are more violated than those of men. Women in the
rural areas look after the horses, camels and sheep, assist in cultivation
of land and do the traditional embroidery. The societal trends constrain
them to remain illiterate and to endure problems related to polygamy, vulvar
and a generally low social status. Though women have a minor role in decision-making
or any other matter, they share the family’s economic burden by taking
care of the household and by doing productive work outside the house in
the fields. Yet, household work is not considered an economic contribution.
Husbands and elders give women hardly any credit for their significant
contribution in the local economy.
Women have no political say in district affairs. However, their voting bank has gained in influence in the district. During the elections of 1990 and 1993 candidates took special care to divert women’s votes in their favour. Female polling agents were called in from Sibi and Quetta for that purpose. Since elections began in 1985 the percentage of votes cast by women has increased. There are two lady Councillors in the District Council and four in the Town Committees (see annex 1).
The rural society of Bolan district is largely polygamous. Men do not ask their first wife’s’ consent for a second marriage. Still, a change in women's status is observed in literate and educated households.
The number of cases of Siahkari is growing. Under Siahkari, which literally means ‘adultery’, people, in most cases the women, who are found guilty of adultery are killed for reasons of revenge. Killing people in the name of Siahkar is justified as a manner to protect family or social honour. Siahkar goes against Islamic moral, which advocates a fair trial for the accused, based on eye-witnesses’ testimony
3.10 Apprenticeship and Child Labour
Child labour has a different dimension
in rural and urban areas of the district. There are a few small industrial
units in the Lehri and Bhag areas. The number of children working there
is very small. It is mostly men and women who work in the industry on fixed
terms or work loads (see 5.6.2). However, a large number of children is
employed in tea-stalls, hotels, shops and stores on daily, weekly or monthly
wages. In a number of cases the wages
are received by the parents or guardians. Boys are involved in herding
cattle, cutting of fodder and gathering of wood. Girls in rural areas are
exclusively engaged in household duties. A large number of children outside
in fields, grazing cattle and poaching wild chicks, said that they do not
attend school at all.
There is a lack of government support for apprenticeship. The major sources of apprenticeship for boys are private motor-workshops, tailoring shops, carpentry, cooking and bicycle repair shops, where they receive informal training. Girls learn traditional embroidery work at home. The government sector and NGOs can play an important role in the promotion of apprenticeship for children, so that they can obtain professional qualifications to help them later on in life. There is an NGO, named "Tanzeem Idara Badhal Mustakeen", which has initiated a girls’ school and a youth development project in a village near Nari bank. The BRSP has launched a similar programme in Bhag area.
3.11 Conclusion and major Development
Society in Bolan district is male dominated,
leaving little room for women in decision making on household, tribal and/or
political level. The role of women is not recognized, despite their involvement
in sharing the burden of work.
Tribal affiliation is strong, although traditional forms of co-operation among people are fading away.
4. Government
Organisation
4.1 Administrative
Division
The Bolan area remained under one district
Kachhi until 31 December 1991. The Deputy Commissioner’s office started
functioning on 17 May 1992. It is now one of the four districts of Nasirabad
division.
4.2 Brief history of Local Government
Institutions
The origin of local government can be
traced back to the Basic Democratic System founded by President Ayub Khan.
The institutions were dissolved after Z.A. Bhutto came into power. The
local government institutions were reactivated by President Zia-ul-Haq
in 1979. Elections were held on non-party basis throughout the country
to elect the following tiers of local bodies: Municipal Corporation, District
Council, Union Council, Unions and Tehsil Councils. Elections for local
bodies in Balochistan were held in 1979, 1983, 1987 and 1991. The local
bodies institutions in Balochistan were dissolved on 19 December 1996 and
new elections are expected to be held in 1997.
4.3 Local Government Administration
The local government administration at
district level is headed by an Assistant Director (AD). Under the AD comes
a Development Officer (DO) for each sub-division as well as a civil engineer
and a number of clerical staff. In case of the existence of local bodies
institutions, the local government administration functions in mutual co-operation
with the offices of their chairpersons. District Council funds are channelled
through the AD Office.
4.3.1 Union Council
The Union Council is the lowest tier
of the local government system. It is designed to serve an area with an
average population of 10,000 to 15,000 people. In Bolan there are a total
of 21 Union Councils under the District Council. All Council members are
elected, except representatives from the farmers (1), the labourers (1),
the women (2) and sometimes from the minority groups (1). Union Councils
are popular rural based elected institutions, catering to the needs of
people at the local level. The membership of union councils in Bolan district
varies from 6 to 14 members (see Annex 1).
4.3.2 Town Committee
Bolan has three town committees: Dhadar,
Bhag and Mach, with 11, 12 and 7 members respectively. Town Committees
are the lowest tier of urban councils and each committee represents around
7,000 to 12,000 people. The number of Committee members varies along with
the number of wards in the town, e.g. a town with 10 wards has 10 members.
The same rule applies to Municipal and Union Councils. The Town Committees
of Bhag and Dhadar both have two female councillors.
4.3.3 Municipal Committee
There is currently no Municipal Committee
functioning within the district.
4.3.4 District Council
The total number of District Council
members is 26, all elected through adult franchise. The number of members
shrank after the bifurcation of Kachhi into two districts. The strength
of a District Council, Municipal, Town and Union Council depends on the
number of wards. The District Council includes two lady councillors and
one minority member. They are not elected in general elections, but by
the sitting members of the council.
4.4 Federal/Provincial Government
Administration
Like other districts, there are two
categories of administration at the district level: federal and provincial.
The federal government administration holds a minor role. The role of the
provincial government is big.
The provincial government administration comprises a Deputy Commissioner (DC), Additional DC, Assistant Commissioner or Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Tehsildar and Naib-tehsildar. Also the levy, police, irrigation, construction and works (C & W), livestock, local government, health, Qazi courts, agriculture, public health, social welfare, forest and wildlife, excise and taxation (with its office at Sibi) and education offices all come under the provincial government. A number of Departments are managed from their office in neighbouring districts.
The federal government administration at the district level includes the elections office. Further there are federal government units like the Intelligence Bureau, the Inter Service Intelligence and the Military Intelligence, but they function rather invisible and have hardly any dealings with the public.
4.5 Maintenance of Law and Order
The larger part of Bolan district
is bifurcated into an "A" and a "B" area. The "A" area, comprising towns
and highways, has a police force. A police station has a radius of maximum
8 kilometres jurisdiction. A "B" area does not have a police force. All
major law and order situations in the "B" area are dealt with by levies
Bolan district has a limited police force, largely comprising of Balochistan Reserve Policemen. As there is no superintendent of police (SP) at district level, the policemen come under the SP office at Nasirabad, which has four stations under his jurisdiction: Dhadar, Bhag, Gandawa and D.M.Jamali. The first two fall in Bolan district.
Levy is a conventional force for maintaining law and order. Installed during British rule, levy members are recruited along tribal or clan lines. The levies fall under the direct command of the Deputy Commissioner, with his powers delegated to the assistant commissioners, tehsildars, etc. The levies in Bolan district are classified in Sepoy, Hawaldar, Dafeedar, Jameedar and Risaldar.. An ordinary Sepoy's pay is from 2,000 Rs. to 2,500 Rs. Every district in Balochistan has its own levies, named after the district. Recently, at the initiation of the DC administration, a new levy force has been recruited on district level, known as the Task Force. This Task Force is better trained and equipped with advanced weapons.
The total number of regular levy members in Bolan is 595, including a Risaldar Major, two Risaldar, six Dafeedar, eight Jamadar, 41 Hawaldar, 407 constables (foot constable), six trackers and 22 members of the Task Force. In addition there is a temporary levy force to guard the district’s important railways (134) and micro-stations (20). They are paid by the Railways and T & T department. The total number of levy posts in the district is 20.
Levy is an effective force. However,
in case of tribal enmities or a serious law and order situation, the Frontier
Corps (FC), a para-military force under the Federal Home Department, can
be called by the District Magistrate with the consent of the Divisional
Commissioner, the Home Department and the Inspector General FC. There is
a wing of the FC corps, called the Sibi Scouts, stationed in Mach, under
the command of a major. The contingent can be called from Sibi Scouts headquarters
at Sibi. The role of the FC has become more important as a result of the
tribal enmity between the Rind and the Raisani, between the Raisani and
the Domki and between Rind clans (the Merozai and the Hotanzi).
The administration of justice includes
a Qazi Court at Dhadar. After the partial separation of the judiciary from
the executive, civil and criminal cases are largely decided by Judicial
Magistrates, Civil Judges, and District and Session Judges at Sibi (until
January 1997 no Judicial Magistrate or Civil Judge office existed in Bolan
district). Based on chapters 8, 9, 11 and 12 of the Pakistan Penal Code
(PPC), the executive powers (Assistant Commissioner and Additional Deputy
Commissioner) still have judicial powers too. They can impose prison sentences
up to three years and fines not exceeding 5,000. Rs. The Qazi court hears
civil cases only. Since Ordinance 2 (Jirga Law) was abolished, the Deputy
Commissioner has no longer the power to decide in murder cases.
The largest prison of Balochistan, built in 1929, is located in Bolan district, near Mach. In British days it was known as the toughest jail for notorious and habitual criminals from all over British India. The jail has a capacity for 570 convicts, but currently the actual number of prisoners exceeded 750. There are seven barracks for adult male prisoners, one for juvenile prisoners and one for female prisoners. The jail has a big factory where prisoners can learn various skills, particularly carpet making. The Mach jail is the only jail in Balochistan with execution facilities. All those sentenced to death are transferred to Mach. Death sentences are carried out on an open yard with gallows, where three persons can be executed at a time.
There are three levy lockups in Dhadar, Bhag, and Sanni. The one in Dhadar is the largest. They come under the DC office and are for temporary arrangements. An accused can be held in a levy lockup up to a maximum of 14 days. Detention of a remand who is taken in for three to four days, may be extended up to 14 days. A levy lockup is less comfortable than a jail.
In day-light, foreigners are allowed to travel on the highways across the district without specific permission for camping. Travelling in the "B" area is only allowed for foreigners with permission from the Home Department. They are provided with a levy escort by the DC office without any charges. Similarly is the case with Pakistanis (not being native) doing research in "B" areas, although they do not need permission from the Home
Department. The incidents of kidnapping for ransom and demand acceptance have increased.
4.6 Revenue Administration
In Bolan district revenue is collected
mainly through the district council and the provincial government, without
being clearly defined which institution is responsible for the collection
of what revenues. The division of work to collect octroi, zila, property
tax or fees in reference to business licenses, vehicle registration and
coal mining still needs to be identified clearly.
| Taxes | Union Council | Town/
Comm. |
District Council | Board of Revenue/Dep. Comm. | Prov. Govt. | Fed. Govt. |
| Water charges |
|
|
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| Sanitation fee |
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| Livestock cess |
|
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| Agricultural cess |
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| Octroi |
|
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| Zila |
|
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| Land tax |
|
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| Property tax |
|
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|
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| Business License |
|
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|
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| Registration Vehicles |
|
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| Coal mining, etc. |
|
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| Income tax |
|
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| Custom duty |
|
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4.7 Political Parties
Balochistan is divided into political
pockets. The role of political parties is not very strong in Bolan district.
The personal status of the candidate is very important. All those elected
to the Provincial and National Assembly on party based elections since
1988, have mobilised voters' support by being the bigwigs of the area.
They would have been elected irrespective of their political colour. From
PB 24, the success of all the three elected candidates was largely due
to their socio-cultural status. Chakar Khan, a Sardar from Domki tribe,
has always been elected as an independent candidate. (Chakar Khan has been
elected to the Provincial Assembly in all elections held since Balochistan
became a province in 1970 (1970, 1977, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1993). When asked
about his election as an independent candidate, he said, "I am elected
on personal grounds, so why should I go for a party ticket." Similarly,
the Rind Sardars have retained the National Assembly seat because of their
tribal status and force. Votes are predominantly cast on ethnic basis.
Support based on political colour is less evident.
The political parties existing at district level are Pakistan National Party (PNP), Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP) and Jamoot Qoomi Movement (JQM), which was recently founded on tribal basis. Voters lack political awareness.
Women’s participation in politics or political parties is nil, nonetheless, they are driven to polling stations to cast their votes. "There is no representation of women in political parties or politics, because of overwhelming male chauvinism".
4.8 Non Government Organisations
The role of NGOs in Bolan district is
very minor. The only NGO with a role in the health and education sector
is Balochistan Rural Support Program (BRSP) at Bhag. Another NGO, "Tanzeem
Idara Bahal Mustakeen" (Association for the Rehabilitation of the Needy),
is active in a village near Nari bank.
| Sector |
|
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| Productive | ||||||
| Agriculture |
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| Horticulture |
|
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| Livestock |
|
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| Fisheries |
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| Forestry (harvesting) |
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| Mining |
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| Industry/Manufacturing |
|
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| Economic Service | ||||||
| Financial Services |
|
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| Roads |
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| Rail/Airways |
|
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| Social Services | ||||||
| Water Supply |
|
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| Health |
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| Education |
|
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| Sports |
|
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| Social Welfare |
|
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| Women & Development |
|
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|
Politically, the representation of the
people of Bolan is mainly ethnically determined. People lack political
awareness. People are hardly organised through shared interests, non government
organisations play only a minor role.
|
|
Agriculture is a major productive sector in Bolan district. Other sectors, which play a role in the economy of the district, are mining, trade and commerce, livestock, horticulture and government services. Wheat and fodder are the main subsistence crops, while tomatoes, rape seed and citrus are major cash crops. Comparatively, Bolan has a low per capita income from both livestock and agricultural production. It has hardly activities in the field of fisheries, forestry or industry.
The role of women in agriculture and livestock production is not recorded, although they play a major role in collection of herbal bushes, cutting of grass and providing logistical support during the cultivation process.
5.1 Agriculture/Horticulture
5.1.1 Introduction
The horticultural sector is not highly
developed, because of lack of irrigation facilities and perennial water-springs.
However, according the Agricultural Statistics 1994/95, the area under
irrigation surpasses the rain-fed area. The existing horticulture is limited
to a specific area. Crops grown in this area are tomatoes, fodder, rape-seed,
wheat and citrus.
5.1.2 Classification of Land
The land of Bolan district is alluvial/Kacca
(65 to 70%) and stony (30 to 35%). The land is fertile but does not have
large water resources and is divided into levelled, non-levelled, irrigated
and non-irrigated land.
5.1.3 Land ownership and Tenure system
The land tenure system in Bolan district
is predominantly according to the Sardari system and Chief system. Officially,
the number of big landowners is small, but in practice there are many.
Since the land reforms introduced during the period of Ayub Khan and Z.A.Bhutto,
irrigated and non-irrigated land in excess was allocated to tenants, but
they only own the land in name. However, there is a large number of middle
class landowners too.
The land tenure system is tough for the tenants because of the high dependency on rain water. Large parts of the land holdings are lying idle because of a water shortage, which is a major constraint for crop production.
The social situation of tenants is miserable with little education and health facilities for them and their dependants. Tenants are dependent on the landowners for financial and political support.
5.1.4 Agricultural Statistics
Major Crops (1995)
Wheat and fodder are the main subsistence
crops, while tomatoes, rape seed, melon and citrus are major cash crops.
| Crop | Area in Hectares | Production in Tonnes | Average yields in Kgs/Hectare |
| Wheat |
9,650
|
22,420
|
2,323
|
| Rice |
500
|
1,100
|
2,200
|
| Fruits |
221
|
1,936
|
8,760
|
| Jowar |
7,800
|
7,450
|
955
|
| Fodder |
7,075
|
183,240
|
25,900
|
| Barley |
850
|
850
|
1,000
|
| Rape seed |
9,100
|
5,400
|
593
|
| Onion |
150
|
2,400
|
16,000
|
| Vegetable |
965
|
15,240
|
15,793
|
| Melons |
1,155
|
20,560
|
17,801
|
5.1.5 Cropping Pattern
Because of the lack of water for irrigation,
the area depends on a single cropping pattern. However, in the areas where
adequate water is available for irrigation, the mixed cropping pattern
is applied.
5.1.6 Average Yields Total production
In comparison to the other districts
within Nassirabad division the average yields per hectare are relatively
low. In absolute figures Bolan district produces relatively more vegetables,
tomatoes and melons than the other districts.
5.1.7 Organisation of production/farming systems
In Bolan district, men are the visible
workers. In majority they are hired to cultivate the land of the land owner
on fixed terms. Female participation in agriculture is indirect and limited
to extending a helping hand. Wheat for example is cultivated by men, but
at the time of harvesting the whole family helps on the field. Women also
participate in the cleaning of food grains. The above applies to all other
crops too.
According to the Agricultural Statistics 1994/95 about 50 percent of the cultivated area is current fallow.
5.1.8 Irrigation
Only 26,200 hectares are under, mainly
canal, irrigation. Out of these only about 3,500 hectares are irrigated
through tube wells, wells or karezes.
As classified by the Irrigation Department, 25 percent of the area is rain fed or dependent on rain water for cultivation. Seventy percent of the area depends on flood irrigation. The perennial water supply also depends largely on rain. In case of no rain, both sources shrink. This threatens the major source of livelihood in the district. The two major perennial canals are Dhadar canal and Inami canal. They both have an average capacity of 78 cusecs (cubic feet per second).
The sources of water for irrigation
are not properly utilised. The number of tube-wells in the district is
limited. The Nari river holds potential for the irrigation of a major area
of the district, but irrigation from this river is not systematized. According
to the Irrigation Department, the river holds capacity for 150,000 cusecs,
Irrigation from the Nari river could, if systematized, give an economic
and agricultural boost to the people of Bolan.
| Irrigation Sources | Ha. ‘93-’94 | Ha. ‘94-’95 |
| Tube Wells |
1,500
|
1,896
|
| Open Surface Well |
840
|
840
|
| Karezes |
1,000
|
1,000
|
| Spring | ||
| Flood Irrigation | ||
| Perennial River | ||
| Canals Flood |
22,500
|
22,500
|
| Run-off | ||
| Rain-fed | ||
| Total |
25,840
|
26,236
|
Better water resource arrangements can promote the sector. In the villages of Noshero and Kot Mengal, where sugarcane is produced, it was unanimously decided to explore underground water sources and construct dams and a flood water storage. The construction of delay dams will be very important for flood water management. Another important issue in the development of agricultural production in Bolan concerns the levelling of land. This would require bulldozing arrangements.
5.1.9 Agricultural Mechanisation
There is a shift from traditional
cultivation to modern agricultural mechanisation. Tractors are used in
cultivation and sowing. Wheat threshing is done by tractor-run thresher.
The total number of tractors owned by landowners in the district is 125.
In addition about 20 government owned tractors are mentioned in the Agricultural
Statistics 1994/95 as well. Machines are also used to spray cotton and
horticultural products. The use of tube-wells is growing: in 1994-95 there
were 158 tube wells, 71 percent of which run on diesel and 29 percent on
electric motors.
5.1.10 Agricultural/Horticultural Inputs
The major agriculture inputs are seeds,
fertilisers and mechanical devices. Seeds and fertilisers are usually supplied
by middle men and stockists. Supply through government channels is rare.
In Bolan district the use of fertilisers is little compared to other parts
of the country: in 1995 the total use in Bolan was 6 tons a year, compared
to e.g. 57 tons in Nasirabad.
The major inputs for horticulture are root stock (plants), fertilisers and smudge. Smudge or smoky fires are lit during night time in the months of December and January to save the young plants from dew. In horticulture the use of seeds as input is negligible. The use of root stock is also required for the cultivation of bamboo.
5.1.11 Marketing
Marketing is in the hands of private
enterprise. Jacobabad is the biggest grain market for the area. The Agricultural
Marketing Regulation Act 1991 is in function since June 1996. The act is
supposed to reduce the middle men's role in marketing and to fix the commodity
prices, but the system is not fully operational yet. The middle men still
have considerable influence, as the producers, who only have little commercial
and marketing knowledge, find it more convenient to sell their crops to
middle men, than to take the marketing of their products into their own
hands.
5.1.12 Producer and Consumer Prices of major Crops
Price control is in the hands of commission
agents (Dalal). These are professionals in the art of settling prices between
growers and buyers. In Bolan there is not any market committee as is the
case in Dera Murad Jamali or other cities. Because of their poor financial
situation in the last few months before harvesting, the crop producers
take loans from the commission agents or from those who work for the leading
grain buyers. The terms fix the payment they receive soon after the corps
are harvested.
5.1.13 Levels of Income
The level of income from agriculture
is far below the average in Balochistan. The level of income can be raised
with the development of the agricultural sector. Reliable statistical data
on the level of income is not available, but comparative calculations are
given in Annex 6.
5.1.14 Department of Agriculture
There are two Extra-Assistant Directors
for Agriculture at district level. One of them is in charge of extension
work. Because of the lack of irrigation water for agricultural and horticultural
purposes, the extension wing in Bolan is not very active.
5.1.15 Go/NGO/Private
Enterprise, etc. involvement in Agricultural Development.
| Coverage Agr. Services |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Agr. Extension |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Input Supply |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Marketing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Price setting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Agr. Credit |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Irrigation Devt. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| O&M Irrigation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Agr. Mechanisation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Agr. Statistics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Agr. Research |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Agr. Training/Education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.1.16 Conclusion and major Development Issues
Actual agricultural production is
clear, but how that relates to its potential is unknown. Agricultural income
per capita is low and mainly depending on the production of tomatoes and
melons.
The agriculture and horticulture sectors are underdeveloped because of lack of irrigation water. Better water resource arrangements can promote the sector. In the villages of Noshero and Kot Mengal, where sugarcane is produced, it was unanimously decided to explore underground water sources and construct dams and a flood water storage. The construction of delay dams will be very important for flood water management. Another important issue in the development of agricultural production in Bolan concerns the levelling of land. This would require bulldozing arrangements.
5.2 Livestock
5.2.1 Introduction
Livestock figures for Bolan district
are not available. The table underneath indicate the livestock census figures
of 1986 for Kachhi district, i.e. for Bolan and Jhal Magsi district together.
The 1996 figures are extrapolated from the 1986 figures. Based on those
figures it is concluded that the livestock sector is relatively underdeveloped
within the district. The per capita livestock population is comparatively
low.
| Livestock census Kachhi district. |
1986
|
1996
|
| Sheep |
48,309
|
77,398
|
| Goats |
165,542
|
287,398
|
| Cattle |
70,067
|
|
| Dairy Cattle* |
1000
|
|
| Horses |
3,260
|
|
| Donkeys |
17,894
|
23,464**
|
| Camels |
9,335
|
10,312
|
| Mule |
88
|
|
| Buffaloes |
1552
|
|
| Poultry |
112,321
|
|
| Total Livestock Units |
428,368
|
246,704
|
Though underdeveloped, the livestock sector has potential to support the livelihood of the rural population. Women, in particular, are active in the sector in terms of milking, milk processing, clearing the abodes, preparing the fodder and looking after diseases through traditional healing. The role of women in the livestock sector is hardly recognised.
5.2.2 Cattle
The large ruminant sector, i.e. cows
and buffaloes, provides some livelihood to the villagers. Cows are held
for dairy and breeding. Buffaloes are rare in the area because of the lack
of water and pasture.
Camels, horses, mules and donkeys are used for traction and transport. They are taken care of and bred without much support sought or secured from the Livestock Department. Pack animals are still important to the economy of lower and middle class people, particularly in rural areas.
5.2.3 Small Ruminants
People are more inclined to breed
small ruminants, like sheep and goats. They are the major source of livelihood
for a large number of people in the district. An average goats herd comprises
seventy to hundred goats. The size of a sheep herd is smaller. Goats are
bred for meat, dairy and trade. Breeding of small ruminants is done in
traditional ways. Government hardly pays any attention to the promotion
of small ruminants breeding, though Bolan still has unexploited potential
for the sector. There is enough grazing land and labour (children and elderly
people) available.
5.2.4 Poultry
Poultry farming is a women’s task.
They sell the eggs and chickens on nearby markets or to middle men to obtain
some additional income, who resell them on markets in Dhadar, Sibi and
Quetta. In that way poultry farming provides a source of income to the
lower and middle class population in urban and rural areas. The poultry
sector in the district has been growing especially in rural areas. The
sector could be further developed, but lack of funds and knowledge on how
to prevent diseases are major constraints. One in five households in the
rural area keeps poultry. The number of hens varies from 7 to 70.
There are two poultry farms owned by the government. Ten farms are privately owned.
5.2.5 Disease Control
Poultry is most threatened by New
Castle, a mortal disease. Farmi (both broiler and layer) chickens are more
susceptible to this disease than Desi (domestic) chickens. The number of
people approaching the Livestock Department for poultry disease control
is increasing.
5.2.6 Veterinary Institutions
There is no veterinary institution
in Bolan district that provides training. The Assistant Director and Veterinary
Officers in different parts of the district take care of people's problems
regarding diseases. Their services are not free, but prices are low. Vaccination
is free for livestock and poultry
5.2.7 Department of Livestock Development
At the district level the Livestock
Department is headed by an Assistant Director (BPS 18). He is assisted
by five veterinary officers (BPS 17), of which two in Dhadar, one in Bhag
and one in Mach. Each officer has a number of stock assistants. The Assistant
Director and veterinary officers are Master degree holders in veterinary
sciences.
5.2.8 Go/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement
in Livestock Development
All livestock services are supplied
by the government. Except in slaughtering, the private sector is hardly
involved in service delivery in the livestock sector as indicated in the
table below.
| Coverage
Livestock
Services |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Animal Husbandry |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Veterinary Hospital |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Veterinary Dispensary |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| A.I. Service |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Input Supply |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Marketing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Price Setting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Credit |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dairy Devt. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Slaughtering |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Livestock statistics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.2.9 Conclusion and Major Development Issues
The underdevelopment of the livestock
sector is a major development issue. People are informally familiar with
the breeding and looking after of small ruminants and poultry. The provision
of adequate information about loans and possible supervision of their utilisation
by the authorities would bring fruitful results. The Livestock Department
and the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan can be helpful in this
respect.
The promotion of the livestock sector, particularly small ruminants and poultry, can increase the income level of the lower and middle classes of society. If the government provides the people small loans, adequate health facilities for small-holders and landless farmers and necessary training in small ruminants and poultry breeding, this would be advantageous for the livestock sector.
5.3 Fisheries
5.3.1 Introduction
The district lacks a large fishery
potential. Fishing is possible only in Nari river and Bolan Weir (dam).
The fishing chances are larger during flood days, when water flows from
the mountains through Nari river to Mancher lake (in Sindh). According
to the Fishery Officer, fish come in abundance in opposite direction and
can easily be netted.
5.3.2 Fish Species composition
There are four species found in the
Bolan district. They all live in hot area where water temperature is warm.
They all are surface and mid water fishes: Rahao (Labeo Rohita), Thella
(Catla Catla), Moraki (Cirrihina Mirgla) and Black Moli. All four of them
can be found throughout the year; the first two species more than the other
two.
5.3.3 Fish catch time series
Fishing is prohibited during the mating-season
from 1 June to 31 August. Most fish is caught during the flood season,
when plenty of fish flows from Mancher.
5.3.4 Fishing techniques
Fish is caught with traditional techniques
with hooks and nets. There are two kinds of netting, technically called
Cost Nets and Gill Nets. Both kinds are permitted during the fishing season
under license issued by the Fisheries Departments in Sibi and Nasirabad.
There is another technique, prohibited by law, illegally used in stagnant
water by throwing a gelatine bomb. It suffocates fishes by bringing them
to surface.
5.3.5 Marketing/Processing
Most of the fish is sold in cities.
The fishermen sell their fish directly in Dhadar and Sibi bazaar. The total
volume of fish caught is too small to set up specific organisations for
marketing or processing.
5.3.6 Department of Fisheries Development
There is no full-fledged Department
of Fisheries at district level. There is a Fishery Officer at Dhadar with
his lower staff including Inspectors, Assistant Inspectors and Watchers.
Usually there is an Assistant Director of Fisheries at district level.
The Fisheries Department distributes seeds from June to September to all those who are interested in fish farming, free of cost. However, though the four most common species of fish can be successfully held in ponds, fish farms hardly exists.
5.3.7 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Fisheries Development
| Coverage
Fisheries
Services |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fishing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Processing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Marketing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fishing gear manufacture |
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.3.8 Conclusion and major Development Issues
Fishing is not a developed sector
in Bolan district. There is a dearth of water for fishing purpose at large.
River Nari, Bolan and natural ponds are fished by private parties at a
minor level. A limited number of professionals fish the Nari river. However,
in Nari and Bolan Weir area fishing can be developed, if NGOs and government
would make an effort to raise awareness about the benefits of fishery to
the area where perennial water is available . Funds are needed for the
purpose.
5.4 Forestry
5.4.1 Introduction
The forestry sector is under-developed
in Bolan district. The potential for forestry is not yet explored. There
is hardly any forest reserve and commercial forestry (plantations) development
does not exist.
|
|
|
| Forest Reserve (Ha) |
|
| Forest Plantation |
|
| Tree planting | |
| Forest Production |
|
| Re-afforestation |
|
| Private forest |
|
5.4.2 Forestry Reserve (state forests)
A Forest Reserve or State Forest in
a province or district can be defined as "Any forest or waste-land which
is the property of government, or over which the government has proprietary
rights, or to the whole or any part of the forest-produce of which the
Government is entitled. The state reserve in Bolan district is limited
to the following plantations by the Sibi Forest Division, which belongs
to the Forest department.
| Forest area |
Area
|
| Dhadar |
7 Ha
|
| Darez Band |
60 Ha
|
| Gokart |
11 Ha
|
| Direnjin |
17 Ha
|
5.4.3 Commercial Forestry (Plantations)
In Bolan there is no commercial forestry
run by the government. Private commercial forestry is also limited. There
are a few plantations in the district, including Direnjin, Drazbent and
Bamboo (at Dhadar). The potential for bamboo cultivation is large, but
people invest little in this sector. Now, however, encouraged by the commercial
benefits of bamboo cultivation in the neighbouring district Sibi, people
become more interested. Commercial forestry is growing without any government
support. More NGO involvement would be advantageous.
5.4.4 Major vegetation
Major vegetation consists of bushy
grazing land. However spotted trees grow all over the district and the
following species are rather common: eucalyptus, acacia, dalbergia, zizyphis,
albizzia, azadricha, presepis juliflora, panicum, antidetals, and alhagae
camalorum.
5.4.5 Cutting/Marketing/Processing
Tree cutting, marketing and processing
is done privately. According to the DFO Office, even government auctions
trees from government areas, e.g. trees that have been cut to widen canals,
have been auctioned to private contractors. Farmers also auction trees
to private contractors, because contractors have better facilities for
cutting, loading and processing. Cutting, marketing and processing is rare
in Bolan district (compared to other districts of Nasirabad divisions).
5.4.6 Department of Forestry
Forestry is little developed in Balochistan.
It is dealt with under the old Forest Regulation Act 1890. The Bolan district
still comes under the Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) in Sibi and no separate
district level management or forest census exists for the district. At
the district level there is a Range Officer (BPS 16). He is assisted by
a limited number of forest guards, gardeners, watchmen and a clerk. Balochistan
wildlife comes under the Forestry Department. The range officer is also
accountable for the conservation of wildlife.
5.4.7 Wildlife
As in all Balochistan, wildlife in
Bolan district is faced with a threat of extinction. The area used to be
teemed with a number of wildlife species (birds and animals) a few decades
ago, but nowadays their number has considerably dropped. The major factors
accountable for this is excessive shooting, poaching and netting by professional
hunters.
Among the non-migratory bird species are the grey partridge, siisi and chakoor. Migratory birds, visiting the area in winters from Central Asia, include the sand grouse, houbara bustard and ducks (in Nari area and Bolan weir). Animal species include jackals, foxes, wolves and rabbits. Wolves are found in a great number because of the many sheep in the district. Still their number has decreased as a result of excessive shooting. Their skins are sold on the market at high prices. There used to be deer and wild goats in the west of Bolan in the near past, but they have been annihilated by hunters. Wildlife shooting is common among the district population, both poor and rich, and therefore one of the factors accountable for wildlife extinction.
5.4.8 Bee-keeping
Bee-keeping is uncommon in Bolan district.
Honey is collected from wild bees. Only at one place in Dhadar a few beehives
have been seen in a private orange garden. Commercial bee-keeping is not
viable because of the meagre flora in the district.
5.4.9 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement
in forestry development
Only a few organisations are involved
in the forestry sector. Besides government and private enterprise involvement,
an NGO, (BRSP) is involved in Bolan district by providing funds and guidelines
for tree plantation.
| Coverage
Forestry
Services |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tree planting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tree harvesting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fuel wood cutting/
processing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fuel wood marketing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timber wood cutting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timber wood processing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sale of timber |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Game ranches |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bee keeping |
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.4.10 Conclusion and major development issues
Forestry is a neglected sector in
Bolan district. The provincial government and private sector put effort
in its development, but growth of forestry remains slow as a result of
inadequate rainfall and perennial water. Trees and bushes are often cut
for fuel, cooking and construction purposes. Private initiative in artificial
plantations with e.g. Kikar (Acacia Nilotica), Nim and Eucalyptus remains
unsatisfactory, though the area has good potential. Forestry could have
commercial benefits for farmers, but they are not prepared to wait the
seven to ten years it takes before a forestry venture becomes profitable.
5.5 Mining
5.5.1 Introduction
Coal mining and stone crushing are
important mining activities within the district. Actual employment data
are not known, but both mines and stone crushers are there of various sizes.
There are 75-80 number of stone crushers in the Dhadar and Mach sub-divisions, employing many people. The crushers are private property, except for one which is run by the National Logistics Cell (NLC).
5.5.2 Mineral Resources
Coal-industry in Bolan district constitutes
a considerable share of the overall coal production in Balochistan. There
are a total of 40 coal mines, all located in Mach sub-division. Their length
varies from 300 to 600 metres.
Profile of Coal Production of Bolan
District
| Year |
Tonnes
|
| 1985/86 |
111,415
|
| 1986/87 |
184,514
|
| 1987/88 |
296,390
|
| 1988/89 |
329,611
|
| 1989/90 |
327,390
|
| 1990/91 |
443,713
|
| 1991/92 |
358,601
|
| 1992/93 |
403,693
|
| 1993/94 |
321,739
|
Chromite is an unexplored sector. It is largely found in Sanni-Suran area, but the Rind Sardars, nor the government show much interest to explore the mineral.
5.5.3 Mines and Production, Processing & Marketing
A miner is paid per bag weighing 100
kilograms. The miners undergo great risks doing their jobs. The majority
of mines are reached through narrow tunnels, supported by wooden pillars,
which many a time have collapsed and suffocated labourers inside. Poor
standards are adopted for the ratio of oxygen, which is not to be less
than 17% to 21%. The coal mines in Mach area are not very deep, though
some of them are now digging at a depth of over 300 metres.
Despite the production figures of the Directorate of Mineral Development above, the actual production figures of the coal mines are not available. The above mentioned figures are the registered production figures, but it is clear from local resources, that much of the exploited coal is not registered and marketed outside the official channels.
5.5.4 Department of Industries and Mineral Development
All mines come under the management
of the PMDC (Pakistan Mining Development Corporation) and Directorate of
Mineral Development in Quetta. Legislation for coal mines is provided for
in the Mines Regulations Act of 1926 and the Mines Act of 1923.
5.5.5 GO/NGO Private Enterprise, etc. involvement
in Mining
| Coverage
Mining
Services |
Local.
Govt. |
Prov.
Govt. |
Fed.
Govt. |
NGO | Internat.
donor |
Private
enterpr. |
| Mining |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Processing | ||||||
| Transportation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
*According to the Chief Inspectorate of Mines, Balochistan, the ILO has been providing vehicles and training programs for engineers/rescue teams.
5.5.6 Conclusion and major Development Issues
The Bolan area is rich in two mineral
commodities: coal and chromate. Coal is mined in the area around Mach.
Chromite is an unexplored sector, but it seems largely found in Sanni-Suran
area. Little interest is shown by the government to explore the mineral
officially.
5.6 Industry and Manufacturing
5.6.1 Introduction
The area lacks industrial development.
Bolan is one of the districts in Balochistan which have no industry or
manufacturing. There is home industry of women producing embroidery work.
Small industry development includes the manufacturing of shoes, caps, mattresses,
and carpets manufacturing in small enterprises at homes and in the shops.
5.6.2 Small Enterprise Development
The district’s largest small enterprise
for leather embroidery is located in Lehri. Approximately 100 leather items,
including hand-bags, bags, spectacle boxes, belts, shoes, key chains and
brief-cases are manufactured here. Around 500 persons, including women,
are involved in the production of leather goods. Most people work part-time.
The Small Industries Department has opened sale shops for leather goods
made in Lehri, Quetta, Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore and Ziarat (in summer).
The Lehri small arms industry is also famous all over the province. It is the only enterprise engaged in arms production that is run privately. There are 7 to 10 families involved in the industry for three generations now. In total there were six shops at Lehri. In 1962, they obtained a permit and were regularly inaugurated by President Ayub Khan at Mastung. The weapons are hand-made and include single and double barrel shot-guns, pistols, revolvers and daggers. Swords are produced on special order only. Some were exhibited on the Sibi annual fair in March 1996. The manufacturers were awarded by the President of Pakistan for their sophisticated designs. They have requested the government to issue a license to import Belgium steel for the production of barrels. Three elder craftsmen, Amir Haider, Mohammad Yaqoob and Hazoor Baksh are famous for their expertise.
The carpet industry is developed in Mach Central Jail, where a large number of prisoners are trained in the art of carpet making. After they have served their time, they could promote the art in the district, but often they lack infrastructure and finances to do so.
There are two carpet centres run under the Directorate of Small Industries, at Mach and Lehri. Together they employ approximately 150 workers.
5.6.3 Trade (import/export)
The output of manufacturing is too
small to be exported. Besides, manufacturers lack export facilities. Leather
products are sometimes bought up to be exported, but this is not on record.
5.6.4 Tourism (Picnic/Archaeological Spots)
No tourism industry or site is worth
mentioning in Bolan district. With the exception of two picnic sites at
Pir Ghaib and Kondalani, there is no picnic spot worth mentioning. A large
number of people from Quetta and Mach travel to Pir Ghaib (in summer and
winter) for recreation. Kondalani attracts visitors from Dhadar, Sibi and
Mach. In summer, any place with trees and water may function as a picnic
spot.
The ruins of Mehr Garh are an important archaeological site in Bolan district. The site is situated in the Mehr Garh village, 130 km south-west of Quetta. A kacha road near Dhadar leads to the site. The excavation, which came under the supervision of a team of French archaeologists in 1988, is believed to be over 9,000 years old. A number of items found in the ruins of Mehr Garh are stored in the Victoria Hall at Sibi and in the National Museum of Pakistan in Karachi. Mehr Garh can be visited under levy escort provided by the District Administration. At a 15 km distance from Mehr Garh are the ruins of Noshero, but the excavation is not fully dug out. The ruins of Noshero are also very old.
Both sites can be developed from a tourism point of view, but, with a view on the kacha road and the ongoing tribal enmity between the Raisani and the Rind, this will not be feasible for the near future.
5.6.5 Handicrafts
Handicrafts include embroidery work,
leather embroidery, caps, mattresses and carpets.
Handicraft industry in which women are involved at the household level is not developed. Their skill and craft is wasting as there is no proper outlet.
5.6.6 Directorate of Small Industries
Although the Directorate runs some
business in the district, it is not represented within Bolan district.
5.6.7 GO/NGO/SMD etc. involvement in Industrial
Development Services.
| Coverage Commercial Services |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Vocational Training |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Management Training |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Acquisition |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Public Relations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Credit |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Marketing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.6.9 Conclusion and Major Development Issues
There is no large scale industry in
the area. The only current development is in the field of small industries.
Government support for small industries is however not very encouraging.
The potential for small industries can be explored by extending financial
and technical assistance to the manufacturers. It can be promoted by providing
training to the local people in the field of traditional crafts like carpet
and gun making. Home industry, e.g. embroidery work done by women, can
be promoted without much financial costs for the government. The establishment
of Small Industries Estates at Dhadar, Lehri and Mach may be considered.
6. Economic Infrastructure and Communications
6.1 Introduction
The national highway from Quetta to Jacobadad
passes through the district, as does the railway. Sibi airport is the nearest
airport. Only about 3% of the villages is supplied with electricity.
6.2 Roads
The data from different sources on road
connections within the district vary. The federal government, as well as
the provincial government and the district council, all are responsible
for the maintenance of certain parts of the road network. Some of the roads
have been constructed within some of the towns/villages with MPA funds
by the district council/local bodies authorities. None of the sources give
a total overview and therefore it is not sure, whether the overview underneath,
does not include certain overlaps.
|
|
National
Highway
|
|
Council
|
|
Total
|
| Metalled |
185
|
60
|
15*
|
nil
|
260
|
| Shingle |
0
|
356
|
356
|
||
| Total |
185
|
416
|
15
|
601
|
The road link from urban to rural areas is not metalled at large. By bus it takes one hour to travel the hundred km journey from Dhadar to the interior of Dhadar. Taking the shingle road from Dhadar to Sanni and Suran as an example; it takes four to five hours to cover a distance of 100 km.
6.3 Transport
Registration numbers are issued by
the Sibi District Excise Office. (**) In Bolan there are not many vehicles
registered by the D.C. Office. If registration was assigned to the Excise
and Taxation Department in Bolan, the number of registrations would increase
rapidly.
| Type of Vehicle Registered in Dist. | 1996 |
| Trucks | |
| Buses/Mini Buses |
5
|
| Cars, Jeeps, Taxis |
32
|
| M-Cycle, Scooters |
16
|
| Camel/horse/donkey cart |
Nil
|
| Tractors |
6.5 Radio and Television
Bolan does not have a radio or TV station
of its own. Still, radio is a major source of entertainment. TV-sets are
commonly found in places where there is electricity. TV transmission is
available through a booster. According to the D.C. Office the approximate
number of TV-sets in Bolan is 10,000, though hardly 20 individuals carry
a license.
6.6 Telecommunication
The cities of Dhadar and Mach are linked
with a dial system. There is a small digital exchange designed for Sardar
Yar Khan Rind at Suran. The cities of Lehri and Bhag have an operator trunk
dialling system with a manual exchange system. Highly-placed persons (MPA,
MNA, etc.) in the district are facilitated with direct dialling from Sibi
and Dhadar.
|
|
|
|
| Dhadar |
300
|
157
|
| Lehri |
100
|
100
|
| Mach |
400
|
298
|
| Shuran |
100
|
38
|
6.7 Post Office/Courier Service
There are two categories of post offices:
sub post offices and extra-departmental branch post offices. The former
are regular post offices. The extra-departmental branches are run by businessmen
who offer postal services in addition to their regular business, e.g. in
a shop, someone's store or Bhatak (sitting place). The extra-departmental
branches render services irregularly. Nonetheless, they cater to the needs
for postal service of people in remote areas, as they take care of incoming
and outgoing mail and provide registration facilities. The owners of extra-departmental
branches are paid 590 Rupees per month. They come under the Superintendent
of the post office at Sibi and are regularly visited by the post office
supervisor.
There are a total of 30 post offices in the district. There is no courier service. As observed and confirmed, people hand over their packets and parcels to the drivers of buses, mini-buses and flying coaches to be delivered in Quetta, Sibi, Nasirabad, etc.
6.8 Banking/Financial Services
The total number of banks in the district
is eight. There are three branches of the United Bank Limited (UBL) at
Bhag, Dhadar, and Mach respectively. The National Bank (NBP), the government
bank run on commercial basis, has one branch at Dhadar and one at Mach.
The Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan (ADBP) with branches in Dhadar
and Bhag gives credit and loans to landowners and farmers for agricultural
purposes. There are no specific credit facilities to generate income available
for women.
6.9 Electricity and Gas
Twenty one villages in Bolan district
have been electrified during the last decade. The provision of electricity
under the WAPDA (Water and Power Development Authority) is federally financed.
The Bolan district electrification system is linked with two grids of 132
KV (132,000 voltage) at Bhag and Mach. Most supply comes from Mach grid,
which in turn receives electricity from Gudoo barrage. It is carried through
11 KV and high tension lines. The electricity division is in Sibi under
an executive engineer for WAPDA. A sub-divisional officer (SDO) sits in
Mach.
The electricity supply to the entire area, falling under Bolan district, is through five feeders in Dhadar, Bhag, Lehri, Mach Mithri. There are five categories of connections: domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and bulk. The connection record includes all, however, most connections are domestic.
According to the Project Director Office WAPDA for Rural Electrification, the scattered lay-out of villages impedes their electrification, which explains the small number of electrified villages.
The gas supply is provided to urban areas and some villages, like Mach, Bhag, Lehri, Belpat and Dhadar. After Quetta and Sibi, the district has the largest number of gas connections installed. Provision of gas to villages lying within 30 km (under the "30 km policy") is not implemented.
6.10 Rest Houses
There are a total of nine rest houses
in Bolan district. Except for the one at Mach of B&R department, which
is occupied by Sibi Scouts, they are available for visitors to stay with
the permission of concerned authorities.
| Department | Dhadar | Lehri | Bathtiarabad | Mach | Bhag |
| B&R Dept. |
|
|
|
|
|
| Irrigation Dept. |
|
|
|
|
|
| Local Govt. |
|
|
|
|
|
In Dhadar, Mach and Bhag, the hotel/restaurant facilities are limited to the serving of food and tea. They have limited room for rent without proper comforts.
6.11 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Energy, Transport and Communications Development
| Coverage
Economic
Infrastructure Services |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Road Works |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Transport |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Railway |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Airway |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Radio & Television |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Banking/Financial
Institutions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Electricity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gas |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Rest Houses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.12 Conclusion and major Development
Issues
The economic infrastructure and communications
development in the district is not satisfactory. They are worse in rural
areas. The road link from urban to rural areas is not metalled at large.
The only good road is the national highway passing through the district
from Quetta to Jacobabad. Taking the shingle road from Dhadar to Sanni
and Suran as an example; it takes four to five hours to cover a distance
of 100 km. The construction of roads within the district will improve the
socio-cultural exposure of rural people.
The area has made progress in gas and electricity
supply. Gas is provided in major towns. The provision of gas to the villages
lying within 30 km (under the 30 km policy) is not implemented. The provision
of electricity has improved, but demand for further electrification is
still high.
|
|
7. Social Infrastructure
7.1 Water Supply
The supply of fresh water is one of the
major problems the district is faced with. The area lacks clean and safe
water. Bolan district comes under the Public Health Engineering Department
of Sibi Division, but it seems that there are no adequate records on the
actual percentage of the population, which has access to safe and clean
water.
The water supply management (schemes) is divided into the following divisions: Dhadar, Kot Khai, Shuran, Taib, Soori Bibi Nani, Mithri, Killi Bangulzai, Rind Ali, Lehri, Baktiarabad, Jalal Khan and Landhi. A number of small water supply schemes exist in the district. The water is supplied by tube-wells. There are around 28 tube-wells schemes, but some of them are not working. The water is stored in tanks. The total number of domestic connections in the district is approximately 1,200. The number of commercial connection is 14. The water supply becomes a problem when electricity is off for a longer period and the water level in the tanks drops. Each water scheme has a different "Water Supply in Gallons per day" capacity. The biggest one is Dhadar’s with 120,000 gallons.
The major part of the rural areas in Bolan district completely lacks any water supply system. Although a number of hand pumps have been installed, there is no reliable information at PHED about the actual functioning of these pumps. In these parts, water is fetched from streams and ponds. Fetching water is a women’s task. They are helped by their children. Some villages have a community tank, but these tanks do not work twenty-four hours a day.
7.1.1 Drinking Water
The provision of drinking water is
one of the major problems of the district, both in urban and rural areas.
The situation of clean and safe drinking water is acute in far-flung rural
areas. The population of these areas fetch water from open-surface stagnant
water.
7.1.2 Drinking Water Supply Administration
The drinking water supply administration
primarily comes under the Public Health Engineering Department of Bolan
district, which falls under the Executive Engineer Office at Sibi. A SDO
is assisted by a supervisor, technicians, draftsman/valvemen and a number
of operators. Previously, the Executive Engineer Office was located in
Dhadar, now it has moved to Sibi. Little information is available about
revenue collection by the Department.
7.1.3 Ground Water sub-sector
According to the Irrigation Department,
the ground water sub-sector - if explored - can boost both drinking water
supply and irrigation potential in the district. The ground water potential
is greatest in Sanni sub-division.
7.1.4 Sanitation
Sanitation has not been taken over
by the Public Health Engineering Department as yet. Traditionally it comes
under the district administration. The LGRDD is also involved in construction
of latrines at household level, but actually it awaits World Bank support
to start implementation. The World Bank wants the PHED to take over sanitation.
7.1.5 Public Health Engineering Department
Public Health Engineering used to
be part of the Irrigation Department, but has now become an independent
department itself. At district level the Department is headed by a Sub-Divisional
Officer at Dhadar. The Public Health Engineering Department is part of
the Sibi Public Health Superintendent Engineering Office. The Executive
Engineer post for the district has been moved from Dhadar to Sibi.
7.1.6 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement
in Water Development
BRSP(*) is involved in some water
scheme construction at Bhag, while the World Bank(**) is expected to get
involved in the construction of latrines at household level.
| Coverage Water and Sanitation Services |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Construction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Management |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Operation &
Maintenance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
7.1.7 Conclusion and major Development issues
Actual information about the accessibility
to safe and clean water is not readily available. In reference to the lack
of clean and safe drinking water the major development issues are operation
and maintenance, i.e. management. Responsibility for operation and maintenance
is not clearly defined.
Far off water resources make it a tedious task for women and children to fetch water. It is important that the sites of water tanks and taps are carefully selected. They should be easily accessible.
7.2 Health
7.2.1 Introduction
Health statistics are not readily
available. Health service statistics are not uniform, but depend on the
source. Different sources give different information. From the overview
of sanctioned and filled posts in Annex 8 it is clear that there is a real
gap between the intended number of staff and the reality.
Health Services in 1996
| Health Services in 1996 | |||||
| No. of
doctors |
No. of
nurses |
No. of
paramedics |
No. of
beds |
No. of
units |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
| Hospitals |
|
|
|
|
|
| Dispensaries |
|
|
|||
| RHCs |
|
|
|||
| BHUs |
|
|
|||
| MCH Centres |
|
||||
7.2.2 Health System
Based on the health service statistics
Bolan district is in a comparatively poor situation. Women, in particular
do not have access to adequate health services. For instance, even though
four female doctors have been sanctioned, since 1993 Bolan has not had
any female medical practitioner.
7.2.3 Major Disease Incidence
The five most frequent occurring diseases
are diarrhoea, malaria, gastro-enteritis, tuberculosis and hepatitis. Major
factors accountable for the high incidence of these diseases are illiteracy
and bad hygienic conditions. Illiteracy, particularly among women, has
adverse effects on family hygiene, nutrition, health, family size and education
of children. There is a high rate of infant and maternal mortality. Diseases
like diarrhoea, tuberculosis and hepatitis are closely related to the unhygienic
conditions prevailing in households. Diarrhoea leads to a high rate of
infant mortality. There are no preventive measures against malaria and
hepatitis. Tuberculosis is common among people over the age of 40.
Gastro-enteritis and hepatitis are contracted from contaminated drinking water. People and cattle often drink from the same sources. Even in towns like Bhag is clean drinking water a problem. It is quite common that people have to fetch water in drums and cans on donkey-carts from tanks at distances of more than one km away. Gastro-enteritis is common in rural and urban areas.
7.2.4 Special Health Services
There is no information about the
supply of special health services within the district.
7.2.5 Administration of Health Services
The district administration of health
services is headed by a District Health Officer. In its supervising capacity,
the DHO Office can play an important role in the effective and efficient
functioning of hospitals and dispensaries. The hospitals in Bhag and Dhadar
come under a Medical Superintendent.
7.2.6 GO/NGO/private, etc. involvement in Health
Development
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hospitals |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Civil Dispensaries |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mobile Dispensaries |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Basic Health Units |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Rural Health Centre |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| MCH Centre |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| EPI Centre |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| TB Clinic |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Family Welfare Clinic |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Family Planning Clinic |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Private Clinic |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Homeopathic Clinic |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hakeem/Local Medical Practitioner |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| VH post |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Nurse Training School |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemist |
|
|
|
|
|
|
7.2.7 Conclusion and major Development Issues
The health sector is underdeveloped.
In spite of the increase in expenditure on health, there is high rate of
infant and maternal mortality. The frequency increases with which infectious
diseases like gastro-enteritis occur. Malaria, jaundice, diarrhoea and
TB are common. The health infrastructure is not adequate, particularly
for women. The district has four posts for female doctors in the MCH Centres,
but none of them is filled , as there are not any female medical practitioners
who are willing to work under the bad circumstances in these centres.
7.3 Education
7.3.1 Introduction
The district has mainly government
schools; mosque schools were abolished in 1993 and merged into regular
schools. There is only one private school. None of the schools has boarding
facilities. No teacher training, technical or polytechnic institute exists
in the district. There are no computer literacy centres. English language
centres are rare.
| Number of pupils | ||||
| Enrolment |
1992
|
1993
|
|
|
| Primary School |
13,731
|
13,541
|
|
|
| Middle School |
1,408
|
1,432
|
|
|
| High School |
1,033
|
1,040
|
|
|
| College |
130
|
130
|
|
|
The low enrolment of girls reflects the society’s male dominance with no priority for female education. But a number of female students are enrolled in primary, middle and high schools for boys as co-education. Its number is small in case of high school, but large in case of primary schools. A number of female students study in middle schools because of the lack of girls schools. The DEO office, unlike the one in Nasirabad, did not have the separate record of female enrolments in boys schools.
7.3.2 Government School System
The majority of the schools are run
by government. They come under the direct supervision of the District Education
Officers at Dhadar, one male and one female. The DEO male office was established
in 1986, the DEO female in 1993.
7.3.3 Primary Schools
Bolan district has 338 boys and 39
girls primary schools all over the district. Usually primary schools are
in less distance than 3 to 5 km from the pupils concerned. Some parts of
the district have more schools than absolutely necessary. In these cases
political opponents set up different schools out of rivalry. Fifty percent
of the primary school buildings have been donated by family-members or
tribesmen of the respective teacher. Subsequently one uses the building
as a guest house for visitors as well. In general primary schools have
one to four class rooms; the majority has two rooms. Most schools have
one or two teachers, but in the case of two teachers one of them is usually
absent. The majority of primary school teachers are not properly qualified
and lack discipline and punctuality.
The number of pupils in one class, boys and girls, varies between 25 and 40. The teacher maintains an attendance register in case of any surprise visit by the District Education or Assistant Education Officer. The condition of the majority of the school buildings is not satisfactory.
7.3.4 Vocational Training
Bolan has no vocational training institutions
or schools, though there is potential for vocational training in embroidery
and handicraft.
7.3.5 Middle Schools
According to the DEO there are 15
boys and 7 girls middle schools. A middle school comprises 4 to 8 rooms,
including one room for the head-master.
Enrolment in middle schools is lower than the number of boys and girls actually interested attending. Many pupils, especially girls, drop out prematurely. Previously, it was possible to obtain a middle school certificate by private examination, but this is no longer allowed. The district people want more middle schools, so that more children can be further educated after primary school.
7.3.6 High Schools
Bolan district has 16 boys and 3 girls
high schools. High schools are growing in strength, particularly the girls’
schools. High school buildings, like the middle school buildings, are publicly
owned. A high school comprises 5 to 8 rooms. The discipline, and academic
standard of a high school depends on the role of head-master and senior
teachers.
Dhadar has a private boys’ model school, were boys prepare for matriculation for high schools. This model school is better administrated than government schools.
7.3.7 Intermediate College
There is only one intermediate college
at Bhag, attended by both boys and girls. The classes for girls are held
in the evening. They are taught by male lecturers and assistant professors.
According to the Principal of the college, the number of female students
is increasing. Total staff comprises 17 teachers, including the Principal.
7.3.8 School Administration
The school administration at primary,
middle and high schools exists of a head master, teachers, clerks and peons.
The grade (BPS) of a head master can vary from primary, middle to high
school level, according to his/her experience.
The Parent Teachers School Management Committees do play a supporting role.
Map Distribution of schools in Bolan District
7.3.9 School Buildings
Primary school buildings are in a
poor condition. They are frequently used for other purposes than teaching
and therefore not properly looked after. Middle and High School buildings
are in better shape. They have toilets, water and play-ground facilities.
7.3.10 GO/NGO/private etc. involvement in Education
Development
One NGO, named SCOPE , contracted
by the Primary Education Directorate under SAP, is trying to set-up more
community based schools in Bolan district in future.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mohallah/
Home school |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mosque school |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Primary school |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Vocational training |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Middle schools |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| High schools | ||||||
| College |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Teacher training |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| University |
|
|
|
|
|
|
7.3.11 Conclusion and major Development Issues
The education sector in the district
is not well developed. Steps have been taken to improve primary, middle
and high school education, but on the whole the development is lagging
behind. Primary schools are enough in number, but the condition of the
school buildings, school management and teaching performance is unsatisfactory.
The number of primary schools for boys and girls has increased, but they
are poorly facilitated: they have e.g. no washrooms, no playgrounds or
no residential accommodation for the teachers.
Most schools are government schools. One school is managed by the DC office and 12 schools are community run. There are separate District Education Officers for boys and girls. The District Female Education Office was established in 1993. According to the District Education Officer sources and educated public opinion, the drop-out rate for girls and boys has decreased, due to NGO and government efforts for free distribution of books and curricula.
Spreading of education is not easy in areas like Bolan, with poor road and communication conditions. The quality of education, particularly in rural areas, is very poor. As observed in a number of primary and middle schools, teachers lack basic skills. The condition of schools in towns in better. Teacher training is essential to set standards for quality education.
Enrolment of girls in primary, middle and high schools is increasing. Still, again the major problem in the promotion of female education is the social system in rural areas, which provides few incentives for female education. A separate girls’ college is required, as due to social constraints, many girls are not allowed to attend schools with male teachers.
There is a lack of gender desegregated data on drop-out rates and teachers/ students ratio. Such data are essential to be considered for development efforts to be directed in the right direction.
7.4 Sports
7.4.1 Introduction
The sports sector is also underdeveloped.
Major events like football, volleyball and wrestling matches only take
place in Sibi. There are a number of traditional games, such as wrestling,
horse-racing, tent-pegging and rabbit hunting, but they are not frequently
played. In rural areas, playing cards is very popular. There is a Divisional
Sports Officer at Dera Murad Jamali, under the Commissioner Office of the
Divisional Headquarters.
Recently, an officer's club has been established at Dhadar. The club has badminton, billiard and snooker facilities. Beside this club, there are no sports facilities organised at government level.
7.4.2 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement
in Sports Development
| Local
Govt. |
Prov.
Govt. |
Fed.
Govt. |
NGO | Private | Internat.
donor |
|
| Infrastructure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Financing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
7.4.3 Conclusion and major Development Issues
Urban and rural youth play sports,
football and volleyball, without any supporting infrastructure. The games
are played on dirt lawns in schools and government offices' premises in
the evening. Cricket is rarely played. But youth and educated persons in
urban areas have a taste for it. During a one-day international, one can
see them watching TV enthusiastically. Snooker has been played with interest,
since its introduction in Dhadar and Mach by private enterprise in 1992.
Youngsters play for fun and bet.
The bottlenecks for the development
of sports are training facilities, illiteracy, poverty, and lack of government
and NGO support.
|
|
|
|
8. District Accounts and Development
Funds
8.1. District Accounts.
The intention was to include in this District
Profile a comprehensive overview of the flows of public money within and
in and out of each district. For none of the 26 districts such an overview
could be assembled in a satisfactory manner. For some more information
could be gathered than for others, but a real comprehensive overview was
nowhere possible given the time constraints of the research. In paragraph
4.6. some information can be found on the responsibilities of the various
institutions with regard to revenue collection but not on the actual amounts
collected.
One conclusion is valid for all the districts: the funds collected at district level are by no means enough to undertake any substantial development activity. For funding of further social and economic development the district is dependent on finances from outside the district, especially from the provincial government (see below). Recurrent costs can be met to some extent, varying for each of the districts, out of collection of revenue at district level. But outside support is also needed in this respect.
8.2. Development Funds.
As stated above, Bolan district, like
all the other ones in Balochistan, is dependent on funds from outside sources
for almost all of the development activities. This implies that, given
the present structure, a large part of the decision making process on the
development in the district takes place outside the district.
The largest source for development is the provincial Public Sector Development Programme (PSDP). For each fiscal year a PSDP is compiled by the Planning and Development Department and approved by the Provincial Assembly. The PSDP is essentially financed out of the development budget of the province and out of contributions of donor agencies.
The revised PSDP for the financial year 1995-96 shows allocations for four projects for a total amount of Rs. 21.924 million, without any foreign assistance component. The PSDP for the following year, 1996-97, reflects a sharp decrease to a total allocation of Rs. 4.4 million for two projects, again without a foreign component.
The PSDP for the current financial year, 1997-98, gives a total allocation for Bolan district of Rs. 44.620 million, including foreign assistance of Rs. 14.692. The amount is earmarked for 21 development schemes. The irrigation sector is by far the biggest recipient with an allocation of Rs. 31.507 million (70.6 %). The combined SAP sectors would receive Rs. 6.178 million (13.8 %).
The PSDP has most probably to be reduced, because the government cannot avail of the required funds. The above mentioned allocations have therefore to be treated with some caution.
9. The District in comparison to Balochistan
The data and other information provided
so far in this District Profile, reflected the situation in Bolan District
itself. It was not related to the situation in other districts or to the
situation in the province as a whole. To add that perspective, indicators
have been selected on which the districts are compared. These indicators
can be found in the table on the following two pages. Each district can
be ranked according to the indicators. The relative position of Bolan district
on each of the indicators is given in the diagram on the third page; it
is a bottom-up ranking: position nr. 1 means the lowest score on the indicator
concerned, while position nr. 26 reflects the highest score. An overall
ranking of districts is not given, since that would require to give a certain
weightage to each of the indicators.
Livestock is the second major but common source of livelihood for the majority of rural people. The current size of the livestock population is not clear, but potential grazing land is available for a much larger livestock population than the current statistics show.
For both agriculture and livestock development additional water resources need to be identified. The potential of water storage like karezes, springs and open surface wells should be further explored. Flood waters need to be used efficiently through the construction of delay action dams in the first place. The storage of Nari river water and flood water each year can give a boost to the development of the agricultural sector. If the Bolan dam, which has washed away, is reconstructed and water storages were built, the farmers’ demand for water could be met better..
Large segments of the Bolan population live in remote areas. The road network is not sufficiently developed. With the exception of the ones along the highway, villages and towns are linked with shingle and dirt roads, which are impassable in the rainy season. The construction of roads, as in other parts of Balochistan, can promote a socio-cultural change in the area.
The role of Sardars and tribal chiefs has always been dominant in the development affairs of the area. Based on interviews with a number of educated persons from lower and middle class and with four Deputy Commissioners who served in the district since 1992, including the sitting one, tribal pressure on the construction of roads and other development such as exploration of minerals, female schools and maintenance of law and order, is high. The Sardars are unwilling to loosen their grip on society. Tribal pressure increased after the introduction of the National Assembly (Majles Soora) and Provincial Assembly and tribal chiefs got elected into the houses. Development projects are often not initiated for reasons of technical and social welfare, but for mere political reasons.
Illiteracy, extreme poverty and poor infrastructure are major bottlenecks for the development of Bolan district. Education facilities are meagre.
The area also lacks a development culture. Many people seem to have little interest in the development of their district. When the government provides them funds for small projects, like irrigation schemes, the establishment of a bee centre or a tree plantation, fruitful results fail to appear.
Women remain overburdened with work and are often subject to male harassment. Their is no legal aid available for women threatened with Siakari, an extreme form of violation of human rights. It is difficult to educate women about their rights, hence they remain oppressed. This in turn marginalizes half the district population, which subsequently unfavourably affects the development process.
Annex 1
List of all names of all Union
Councils, Tehsils, Town and Municipal Committees
District Council
Dhadar 26 Members (including 2 Lady
Councillors)
Town Committees
1. Dhadar 11 Members (including 2 Lady
Councillors)
2. Mach 12 Members (No Lady Councillor)
3. Bhag 7 Members (including 2 Lady
Councillors)
Unions
| Name | No. of Members | Name | No. of Members | ||
| Kolpur |
6
|
Kot Raisani |
8
|
||
| Mushkaf |
11
|
Lehri |
9
|
||
| Sanni |
7
|
Kairwah |
8
|
||
| Jalal Khan |
10
|
Theri |
6
|
||
| Chalgari |
9
|
Chandar |
8
|
||
| Tunnia |
11
|
Ghazi |
12
|
||
| Chakarmari |
8
|
Mithri |
13
|
||
| Mehram |
10
|
Haji Sher |
14
|
||
| Khattan |
10
|
Suran |
5
|
||
| Nusherah |
9
|
Hadkari |
11
|
||
| Haft Wali |
10
|
10
|
|||
| Tehsils | ||
| 1. Mach |
9
|
|
| 2. Dhadar |
32
|
|
| 3. Nari Bala |
70
|
|
| 4. Sanni |
51
|
|
| 5. Khattan |
19
|
|
| 6. Bhag |
144
|
|
| 7. Lehri |
151
|
|
| Total |
476
|
Total number of villages is 603 |
The total number of Patwar circles is 30.
Registration of voters (1991)
Voters 1993 (after bifurcation of districts)
| Voters 1996 elections |
Male
|
Female
|
Total
|
| Muslim |
96,325
|
81,716
|
188,041
|
| Christians |
76
|
74
|
150
|
| Hindus |
1,631
|
1,691
|
2,332
|
| Sikhs |
73
|
70
|
143
|
| Poll Stations |
82*
|
8
|
90
|
Annex 2
Adjusted 1981 population
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dhadar |
35,425
|
3,097
|
37,872
|
2,755
|
79,149
|
7.2
|
| Bhag |
18,597
|
4,489
|
19,828
|
4,100
|
47,014
|
8.4
|
| Lehri |
17,374
|
-
|
18,886
|
-
|
36,260
|
6.4
|
| Sanni |
27,140
|
-
|
30,100
|
-
|
57,240
|
6.5
|
| Mach |
5,000
|
4,663
|
4,051
|
3,756
|
17,470
|
6.5
|
| Total |
103,536
|
12,249
|
110,737
|
10,611
|
237,133
|
Annex 3
Meteorological Data
The district does not have its own meteorological
office. Data are available from the office in Sibi. The Sibi office nor
Quetta office has enough meteorological data on Bolan. Based on the data
for the whole of Balochistan from the Pakistan Meteorological Department,
a projection is made for the data on Bolan.
| 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | |
| Rainfall in mm |
|
|
|
|
| Humidity (annual mean) |
|
|
|
|
Annex 4
Functions of District Councils
The Balochistan Local Government Ordinance
identifies a number of functions in relation to identification, appraisal,
implementation and monitoring of development of the various local councils,
the district council being one of them. See the local government structure
of Balochistan underneath:
Figure 1: Balochistan Local Government Structure
Although in reality the District Council
does not function according to the Ordinance, an extract of the functions
of the District Council in relation to the various sectors is given underneath
in alphabetical order to indicate the background of their interest in the
DPs.
Agricultural Development and Economic Welfare
1. Agricultural,
industrial and community development;
2. Promotion of
national reconstruction;
3. Promotion and
development of:
Culture
1. Holding of fairs
and shows;
2. Promotion of
public games and sports;
3. Provision, organisation
and maintenance of museums, exhibitions and arts galleries;
4. Provision and
maintenance of public halls, public meeting places and community centres;
5. Celebration of
national occasions;
6. Establishment,
management and maintenance of Welfare Homes and other institutions for
the relief of the destitute;
7. Suppression of:
Education
1. Provision, maintenance
and management of Primary Schools;
2. Construction and
maintenance of buildings as hostels of students;
3. Payment of grants
and subsidies to institutions and organisations engaged in the promotion
of education.
4. Promotion of adult
education
Livestock and Dairy Development
1. Voluntary registration
of the sale of cattle and other animals;
2. Prevention of cruelty
to animals;
3. Measures to combat
ordinary and contagious diseases of birds and animals;
4. Provision, maintenance
and improvement of pastures and grazing grounds;
5. Regulation of milk
supply;
6. Establishment and
maintenance of cattle colonies.
Public Health
1. Prevention and cure
of infectious diseases and enforcement of vaccination;
2. Establishment, maintenance
and management of:
Public Safety
1. Relief measures in
the event of any:
Rural development
1. Aggregation of financial
allocation, physical programmes and targets received from the Provincial
Government in different sectors and draw up a District Development Programme.
In this work the Council will take into account Federal Projects, their
allocations and the physical targets falling in or benefiting the districts.
(Generally the organisation may develop and take on complete planning functions);
2. To propose/submit,
if necessary, to the Local Government and Rural development
Department
for modifications in the aggregate district programmes after identifying
the:
6. To take appropriate measures for the development of skills, crafts and cottage industries. Development of skills would include promotion of industrial homes, domestic and cottage level crafts and trades, modest repairs of agricultural and other machinery, training of (un)skilled labour, etc.;
7. To review the implementation of the District Development Programmes (as an extension of the function of the Government and as their agent) by holding review meetings within the district as well as through periodic inspections and progress reports from the lower tiers, etc.;
8. To supervise and submit to the Government regular progress reports on the implementation of Development projects at different levels within the district;
9. To evolve standard designs and specifications to the extent possible and desirable in harmony with the general conditions obtaining in the district and use appropriate technology to execute its development projects on a more economic basis;
10. To monitor the supply of agricultural inputs and to make appropriate recommendations to the concerned authorities;
11. Disseminate information
about the projects and allocations of funds for the District Development
Programmes throughout the district to keep the people fully informed about
the projects to be executed in the district. This will not only mobilise
the interest of the people in the development work for the district, but
also make them more watchful about the use of development funds by the
better community supervision.
Other functions
12. Prevention and abatement of:
List of the MPAs and MNAs from Bolan constituency since 1988
| 1988 | 1990 | 1993 | |
| Provincial Assembly |
|
|
|
| PB 25 |
|
|
|
| National Assembly |
|
|
|
The name of the Senator is not mentioned
here. A Senator is not elected on geographical or constituency basis, but
rather on party strength in the Provincial Assembly. The name of the Senator
from the Nasirabad division is Dr. Abdul Hayee, a medical-doctor and an
active member of the Balochistan National Movement (BNM-Hayee). The names
of the MPAs elected in 1993 from the Bolan district are Laskari Khan Raisani
from PNP and Chakar Khan Domki, independent. Yar Mohammad Rind was elected
as MNA on the ticket of Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP). His victory however
was due to his personal and tribal (Sardari) status.
Annex 6
Overview of Post Offices
| Sub Post Offices | Extra-Departmental Branches |
| Dhadar 2 | Salgari 1 |
| Mach 2 | Ghazi 1 |
| Sanni 1 | Taib 1 |
| Kolpur 1 | Maskaf 1 |
| Mitri 1 | Kot Mengal 1 |
| Hji Sher 1 | Muskaf 1 |
| Bhag 1 | Piro Killi 1 |
| Bakhtiyarabad 1 | Pishi 1 |
| Lehri 1 | O.C. Pur 1 |
| Jalal Khan 1 | |
| Suran 1 | |
| Kattan 1 | |
| Triher 1 | |
| Tunia 1 | |
| Kairwa 1 | |
| Hirak 1 | |
| Abhgum 1 | |
| Chitarzai 1 | |
| Pinier 1 |
Annex 7
Electricity and Gas Supply
The total number of the villages electrified
since 1992, when Bolan was declared a district, ( until November 1996)
is 21.
1. Bolan Abasia
12. Haji Charki
2. Shadi Khan
13. Gamoo Yar Mohammad
3. Dada Khan Abro
14. Dasti Bolan
4. Murad Eah Lehri
15. Basti Hamid
5. Killi Gari Mohammad
16. Mohza Machi
6. Humza Band Bolan
17. Takri Saifullah
7. Mulla Shuran
18. Amir Abad
8. Vilalge Jath
19. Gullawa
9. Haft Wali
20. Rais Ramzan
10 Mohallah Harah
21. Mir Faqir Ali Jamali
11. Gamoo Azizabad
Electricity Connections until
November 1996
| Feeder | Connections |
| Dhadar |
1807
|
| Mithri |
1304
|
| Mach City |
1293
|
| Cannt* |
751
|
| Marave |
191
|
| Bhag |
2431
|
| Lehri |
970
|
| Suran** |
?
|
| Total |
6747
|
Overview Gas Supply/Connections
| Village | Connection
Total |
Commercial | Domestic | Pipe
line (in km)
Main Services |
|
| Mach |
592
|
14
|
578
|
9,927
|
3,829
|
| Kolpur |
135
|
0
|
135
|
3,076
|
0,566
|
| Bhag |
360
|
3
|
357
|
31,431
|
2,752
|
| Lehri |
239
|
1
|
238
|
44,796
|
2,752
|
| Dhadar |
429
|
9
|
429
|
18,952
|
3,544
|
| Belpat* |
166
|
0
|
116
|
6,024
|
746
|
Annex 8
Health Facilities
|
|
|
|
| Hospitals |
3
|
82
|
| Dispensary |
18
|
-
|
| RHC |
2
|
20
|
| BHU |
9
|
20
|
| MCH Centre |
3
|
-
|
| Private |
-
|
-
|
| Clinics |
30
|
?
|
| TB Clinic |
1
|
-
|
| Staff | Sanctioned | filled |
| Specialist |
7
|
0
|
| Medical Officer |
38
|
18
|
| Female Doctor* |
4
|
0
|
| Dental Doctor |
1
|
1
|
| Nurses |
4
|
4
|
| Para-medics |
177
|
177
|
| Technical |
25
|
25
|
| Support Staff |
208
|
208
|
| Total |
464
|
433
|
Annex 9
Education Facilities
| Education facilities (1995) |
for boys
|
for girls
|
| Mosque |
4
|
0
|
| Primary |
335
|
39
|
| Middle |
14
|
6
|
| High |
15
|
3
|
| College |
1
|
0
|
| Vocational |
0
|
0
|
| Male | Female | |
| Primary school |
802
|
103
|
| Middle school |
234
|
59
|
| High school |
117
|
29
|
Annex 10
Some Observations on the Data
The statistical data of Bolan, as
quoted and used in this profile, are not only inadequate and contradicting
too, once in a while. Besides that all statistics used in this profile,
are just enumerated, without any basic calculation done in relation to
their variance, etc. In addition many other bottlenecks need to be considered
too:
Annex 11 List of Acronyms
| ADBP | Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan |
| ARI | Acute Respiratory Infections |
| B&R | Buildings and Roads |
| BRP | Balochistan Reserve Police |
| PA | Political Agent |
| DHQH | District/Divisional Headquarters Hospital |
| EAC | Education, Awareness, and Communication |
| FPAP | Family Planning Association of Pakistan |
| LG&RDD | Local Government and Rural Development Department |
| LHW | Lady Health Worker |
| LPG | Liquefied Petroleum Gas |
| n/a | Not Available |
| O&M | Operation and Maintenance |
| PASCO | Pakistan Agricultural Storage Corporation |
| PC | Patwar Circle |
| PEDP | Primary Education Development Project |
| PEQIP | Primary Education Quality Improvement Project |
| PHED | Public Health Engineering Department |
| PIA | Pakistan International Airlines |
| PLD | Personal Ledger Deposit Account |
| PTCL | Pakistan Telecommunications Company Limited |
| Ptv | Pakistan Television |
| QC | Qanungo Circle |
| RBC | Reinforced Bricks Concrete |
| RCC | Reinforced Cement Concrete |
| RCD | Regional Co-operation for Development |
| RCDC | Rural Community Development Council |
| SP | Superintendent of Police |
| TC | Town Committee |
| UC | Union Council |
| USAID | United States Agency for International Development |
| WAPDA | Water and Power Development Authority |
| WB | The World Bank |
| WSS | Water Supply Scheme |
An Analysis of the Situation of Women and Children in Balochistan, UNICEF Quetta and Government of Balochistan, 1995
Concept of Eighth Five Year Plan 1993-1998: Government of Balochistan, Pakistan/Netherlands Project, Strengthening of Planning and Development Department.
Kundi, Mansoor Akbar. Balochistan: A Socio-Cultural and Political Analysis, Quetta: Qasim Book Depot, 1994 second Edition.
Shah, Dr. Mahmood Ali Shah, Sardari,
Jirga & Local Government Systems in Balochistan, 1994 second edition,
Lahore, Hassan Market.